Language of the Brochure Essay

Firstly, the brochure gives the impression that the resort is the best in Tenerife. The holiday resort is described as, ‘the largest, most vibrant, holiday centre in Tenerife†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This uses super latives to persuade the readers that the Sun Valley Beach Club is the best because if the Sun Valley are describing the resort the largest and most vibrant, they are saying that the resort has lots of availability in order to fulfil customers as the resort is so popular while also being full of life and energy which may also suggest that, again, the resort may be popular with tourists. The word, ‘most’ is a super lative because if you want to be the most at something nothing can be more or beat you at something. For example, if you are the most funniest person in school, no one else in the school can be funnier than you, they can only be less funnier than you. This will cause people to listen because the resort is the largest and most vibrant compared to all the other holiday resorts in Tenerife and you want the best value for money. Therefore, readers would want to book a bargain holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Also, the brochure gives the impression that the resort is in a great location. The brochure tells us there is, ‘low rainfall and year round temperatures of 25-30 °C’. This uses facts to persuade the readers that the Sun Valley Beach Club is in a great location because when you go on holiday, if it is raining, you have to stay inside but everyone wants to make the most of your holiday but if you just stay inside, you can’t get out and go activates. In this case, Tenerife has great beaches so the tourists may want to go to the beach or go swimming. The phrase, ‘25-30 °C’ is factual because it is saying that the temperatures can only be 25-30 degrees in Tenerife. Also, people like hot places like Tenerife because it is easier to relax in a hot place and when you are on holiday, you want to relax and have a good time. This will also cause readers to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club because facts are more believable because they are true so people will believe the information on the brochure. Therefore, readers would want to book a hot and rainless holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Next, the brochure gives another impression that the resort has a lot of activates on offer for a great price. The brochure explains that the resort offers, ‘a full range of water-sports, tennis, mini golf and riding’. This uses lists to persuade the reader that the resort has a lot of activates because not everyone is the same and likes doing the same activates because different people have different likes and dislikes. If you have a resort with different activates, you would prefer to go to the Sun Valley then another resort that only has one activate on offer, especially if you were a family with children that are all different. The phrase, ‘full range’ is involved in a list because when something has a full range, it has everything to do with that thing. For example, when you have a full range of activates, you have loads of activates. This will cause readers to want to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club holiday providers because tourists would want to keep active on holiday and the resort contains a lot of activates. Therefore, readers would want to book a fun and active holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club. Lastly, the brochure gives the impression that the resort will be enjoyable for everyone. The brochure says to the parents, ‘why not relax in the poolside bar area keeping them in sight†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This uses conversational tone to persuade the reader that the resort is enjoyable because both parents and children has things that they can enjoy. In this case, the children can play in the swimming pool while the parents can drink and chat to other people whilst still being in reach of their children. The phrase, ‘why not’ is conversational because it sounds like advice and a friend give you advice. It also sounds like Sun Valley is letting them have their say whether or not they want to book the holiday. This will cause readers to want to listen to the Sun Valley Beach Club’s advice because they would want to listen to a friend more than a stranger. Therefore, readers would want to book a friendly holiday at the Sun Valley Beach Club.

Vincent Tinto And Student Retention

Vincent Tinto is currently a Distinguished University Professor at the Syracuse University a position he has held since June 1998. Prior to that, he was a Professor of Education from June 1985 to June 1998 and an Associate Professor of Education since September 1975 to June 1985 at the same university. In the period September 1971 to June 1975 he was an Assistant Professor of Education in The Columbia University New York. He is also currently the chair of the Higher Education Program a position he has held since 1999. His academic background is also very impressive. He did his undergraduate studies in Fordham, The Jesuit University of New York in 1963 where he graduated with a bachelor of science in Physics and Philosophy. He went on to Rensselear Polytechnic Institute to pursue his masters’ degree in Physics and Mathematics in 1965. He holds a Ph. D. in Education and Sociology which he got from the University of Chicago in 1971. It is noted that while he was pursuing his doctorate he dropped out of school to join the Peace Corps and this may be one of the reasons why his researches major on student attrition and the ways to retain them in school. In this paper, the discussion will revolve around the arguments that he presents in the course of his numerous researches and in his body of works. The professor is of the view that to retain students in school all that the schools have to do is provide quality education. He tries to explain the reasons why students dropout of school especially after the first year of college (Tinto V. 1975). He also tries to provide the solutions that may work in retaining the students in the school especially through the provision of better and quality education to the students. This is done with the assumption that students want to be in school but other factors end up pushing them away. Looking at the way he approaches the issue, one notices that he lays most of the blame on the faculty. In his opinion, students would rather be in school but the faculty and education systems fail to meet the expectation of the students and hence their inability to continue being in school. They end up not trusting an education system that does not seem to meet the standards they expect an institution of higher learning ought to possess. The reception they get at the school also determines a lot if they will make it to the end of their course or they will drop out midway. According to Professor Tinto, there are three main factors that determine whether or not a student will complete their college education and these are â€Å"academic preparation, commitment and involvement† (Seidman A. & Tinto V. 2005). Although there are other factors, these are the ones identified as being most common among most of the cases. It has become of paramount importance for the schools to be able to retain their students because the graduation rate has become one of the factors determining the rating of a college. In order for a school to upgrade its position or maintain the one it is currently holding if it is a good position, a way has to be found to retain the students who are at risk of withdrawing from school. Professor Tinto among others have been conducting researches to determine what makes student leave school while others faced with similar problems persist. He conducts interviews using high-risk students who have succeeded in college as his subjects. He focuses mainly on those who are in the two and the four year courses and are under prepared and underrepresented in terms of college education. He tries to find out from them which factors enabled them to persist when others failed. As stated before, commitment, preparation and involvement are the key factors determining whether one will remain in school or one will quit midway. In an article he wrote with Cathy Engstrom ‘Access Without Support is not Opportunity’ (http://www. changemag. org), they give the example of Donald who dropped out of college after transferring to a different school. He is an example of students who drop out due to being disappointed by the college. He starts off college in a school where the teachers are concerned with the students’ welfare and the environment is challenging. However, due to familial problems Donald is forced to move to another college which he feels lacks in quality when compared to the previous school. Professor Tinto notes that, although in Donald’s he later went back to school, not all dropouts go back to finish their education. It has been recorded that majority of high-risk students especially those who are low-income do not complete their college education. In the case of the four year degree courses, only about 26 percent of low-income students finish in a period of six years when compared to the 56 percent of high-income students who achieve the same (http://www. changemag. org). The reason given for this is that they are academically under prepared especially because they do not have access to academic resources in a manner similar to that of the high-income students. This leads to feelings of inadequacy and helplessness among the low-income students often resulting in their dropping out of school. They tend to view the time spent in school as a waste of their time which could be used to generate income by working. This decision is made because they cannot foresee ever getting the same grades as the high-income students since they are not on the same level. This means that their lack of preparation leads to their lack of commitment to the education that they are receiving. Lack of commitment then obviously leads to very high rates of dropping out of college. To deal with this problem, the faculty has to get involved since as professor Tinto sees it they are the main perpetrators of the problem. In Donald’s case, although he had not been well prepared for college, in his first school the teachers were concerned with his welfare and hence he was able to feel welcome in that school and able to concentrate on his studies. This corresponds to the idea that student-faculty out of class contact is very important to a students’ academic growth (Tinto V. 1993). When a student feels free to approach a teacher out of class, even if he or she was not well prepared when enrolling in the college, there is a high possibility that the student will succeed. The reason given for this is that the student will be able to ask for assistance and guidance from the teachers. This assistance may be academic or personal for example in choosing a career one may be able to get the best guidance from the teachers who know which are the student’s strong and weak points. A student may also be suffering from personal problems that affect his or her academic performance and by opening up to a teacher may be able to get the extra help required for excellence in the academic field. A teacher may also be able to assist a student with required material for the class or direct the student where to get the material if they do not have it or are unable to afford (Tinto V. 1975). From his research, Professor Tinto has found out that most of the students who succeed in college yet were in danger of dropping out attributed their achievement to contact with a faculty or staff member although this was rare (Tinto V. 1975). This contact with someone affiliated to the school helped the students get into the rhythm of college life and gave them someone to approach whenever they had problems in the school. They also got a point of reference when setting their goals of what they would like to achieve since they now had real life models to emulate and learn from. The student-faculty out of class relationship is very important as it leads to various positive gains by the student thus ensuring their retention in school. The student involved in this sort of interaction feels more satisfied with the faculty and the college as he or she feels welcome in the school. They develop both personally and intellectually while gaining the ability to think critically by being constantly in the presence of someone with experience in the field. The perception that the student has of the quality of the college improves consequently leading to their improved performance and in class while raising their educational aspirations. The overall result of all this is the persistence of the student to graduate since they have dreams to achieve (Tinto V. 1975). All the above is possible because the student has become committed to the education that he or she is receiving which is one of the key factors that the professor talks about. The student feels that there is a responsibility to attain the best grade possible because there are people helping him or her and it would be wrong to let them down. Furthermore, they have their appetites for education and also betterment of their futures through the same whetted and they also feel proud of having done the best that they could. There is also a sense of not wanting to be the one who let the entire school down through bad performance and dropping out. The third key factor that the professor talks about is the importance of the involvement of the student in the school society/community. He has come up with the idea of Learning Communities which involves the participation of both the faculty and the students. These communities work in creating a sense of community in the school that helps the students feel that they belong in a society that welcomes them. These communities are not for students only but faculty members can also form their own communities that aid them in providing the best possible education to the students while making learning easier and more enjoyable for both parties (Tinto V. & Engstrom C. 2002). Learning Communities are described as teams that meet on a regular basis a number of times in a week. These teams have an agenda to improve their work for the collective betterment of the school. The members also want to improve themselves daily by engaging in discussions within the group that aid in the attainment of the schools goals and also their individual goals. This is done independent from the classroom experience which also takes place. However the classroom influences the teams because members of the same group have top have similar interests which are determined by what is done in class. In the case of students, those pursuing similar courses tend to be members of the same group because they can discuss the same things in the group and also have the same goals. The students will meet several times a week at a time convenient for all the group members’ other than class time. Their discussions will revolve around the class work and the problems each encounters when attempting the same. In case there is a major problem common to all the members they have the opportunity to get in touch with a teacher and discuss the problem and get the necessary assistance (Seidman A. & Tinto V. 2005). When it comes to the faculty members, they may decide to meet weekly or twice a month to discuss ways in which they can improve service delivery to aid the students in their education. They also offer their criticism concerning the students and try and work out which ways would be best to improve the students’ performance. They also share the common problems that they encounter when performing their duties and discuss the ways in which they can make their work easier and the best ways they can deal with the problems. It is important for both students and faculty members to be involved for the Learning Communities to work. The students have to be able to count on the teachers support when addressing their issues and know that the teacher will respond to their queries. The teachers have to be available for consultations with the students. The students must be able to find time outside class when they can meet and address their problems and discuss class work. This is when this theory meets a hurdle in its implementation because time is a rare factor in college. It is almost impossible to find the people all having some free time at the same time and if the students manage it the teachers may not be available at that particular time. In conclusion, one has to give Professor Tinto credit for the work that he has done in trying to come up with ways to deal with the problems that students encounter in their college life. He has dedicated a lot of his time to researching on how to make learning easier and pleasurable to students so as to avoid their dropping out of school. He focuses on the failure of the faculty to provide a good learning environment thus causing the students to feel that the education they are getting is not worthwhile. He shows the different ways that this can be remedied to ensure that students remain in school and get good education. From his interviews, he arrives at the conclusion that for a better learning environment to be attained the students and the faculty has to change their attitude towards learning by making the learning institutions more welcoming to students. This is done by improving the out of class faculty-student relationships which aids the students get attuned to college life. It can also be done by forming learning communities which help both the students and teachers improve the education in the school and consequently the overall grade of the school. However, as much as his arguments as very valid and his solutions reasonable there are problems that are encountered in executing them. The students and faculty members claim not to have the time to be involved in the learning communities and in the student-faculty out of class meetings. However if they were to be implemented, they would be able to work beautifully. It is however important to note that not all students will be retained since some dropout of school for other reasons different from the ones discussed by the professor but the ones discussed can be greatly reduces if the measures were to be implemented.

An Analysis of Martin Fishbeins Theory of Reasoned Action

Later on behavior appeared not to be 100% voluntary and under control, this resulted in the addition of perceived behavioral control. † Gordon Allport formulated a definition that â€Å"attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to an object or class of objects in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way. † In other words, an attitude is a person’s overall evaluation of a concept. The theory of reasoned action, stated by Ajzen and Fishbein, suggests that if a person intends to carry out a behavior, it is likely that they will do so. Attitudes are always weighted by evaluations of a person’s beliefs. Another example, which highlights peoples beliefs, relates to sports; Sports may be good for one’s health, Sports may be time consuming, Sports may be a strain and uncomfortable. All of these beliefs are weighted. Henry Assael (1983) agreed with the theories and stated how these ‘attitudes’ can be used to predict consumer behavior. The marketing strategy looks at predicting consumer behavior, and attitudes are key in order for a firm to help predict consumer’s behavior. This therefore gives the firm a competitive advantage over their rivals. Thus, Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory is very feasible and can be applied to everyday life. The idea however, was rejected by Sheppard et al. (1988), who made several limiting conditions that proved the idea was false. The distinction was made between a goal intention and a behavioral intention. Goal intentions would look into the long term, for example, getting into the rugby team. A behavior would be attending training. Sheppard also looked at the availability of alternatives and opportunity cost. Choice had an impact on the TRA theory, as it may alter the performance of a certain behavior. Finally he stated that there are times when there is a significant different between what a person intends to do, and what he/she is expected to do. Subjective norm does not account for individual differences. Some people may choose not to consult parents or friends about their decision to carry out a behavior. There are numerous individuals who will feel more comfortable making decisions without their family or peer group, and there are also people who may find it impossible to make a decision about ‘giving up alcohol’ without discussing it with others. Subjective norm therefore may not be as feasible as evaluation of outcome. This process requires the individual to make his/her own assumptions and attitudes about the behavior, and this process is nearly almost carried about by everyone. Not all parts of the theory are essential in the process one makes to carry out a behavior. The ‘Belief in strength of outcome’ and ‘evaluation of outcome’ are the two most important aspects. In the conscious mind, these are the two significant processes that usually occur. People, who are considering drinking alcohol on a night out, will only usually consider the pros and cons of that decision. It is rare for individuals to take matters even further and consult friends or parents about the matter. Subjective norm therefore is usually canceled out in low involving decisions like drinking alcohol. ‘Intention’ may also play a limiting role in the decision to drink alcohol. Behavioral upbringing may have a contributing effect, however the decision usually relates to the situation in which that person is, for example, on a night out, or having dinner at home. The person may be more inclined to drink alcohol on a night out, and may choose to have a soft drink with dinner. Individuals usually take into consideration the time and place, and don’t depend as much on the norms of their upbringing. Hale et al. (2003), backs up this idea, that the TRA excludes a wide range of behaviors such as spontaneity, cravings and habits, and states that â€Å"engaging in these behaviors might not involve a conscious decision on the part of the actor. † To conclude, the theory lacks external reliability, as some behaviors are not used to produce an outcome. However Fishbein and Ajzen created a theory, which can be applied to purchasing behavior of consumers, and thus can be applied to everyday life. 2. Do you think that consumers approach the purchase of products in the seemingly reasoned way outlined above? Give examples to illustrate your thoughts. Many consumers will use the processes outline by Fishbein and Ajzen when purchasing a high involvement product that takes careful thought. However consumers will sometimes use impulse buying for the purchase of products. â€Å"Impulse buying: Spur of the moment, unplanned decision to buy, made just before a purchase. Research findings suggest that emotions and feelings play a decisive role in purchasing, triggered by seeing the product or upon exposure to a well-crafted promotional message. † Impulse buying therefore cancels out behaviors such as evaluation of outcome and subjective norm. A second reason why this theory does not account for all consumer purchases, relates to operant conditioning. This method of learning occurs through rewards and punishments for a certain behavior. Through this process, an association is created between the behavior and a consequence of it. For example; if a chocolate bar goes on offer and has a discount of 50%, a consumer is more than likely to purchase this item. Once a positive association is created with the chocolate, the consumer will more than likely purchase it again. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences (1953). Classical conditioning, which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, suggested that it’s a learning process, which occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus, is something, which triggers a response. In Pavlov’s experiments, his dogs smelt food and the result was salivation. This then produced an unconditioned response, which is an unlearnt response to the unconditioned stimulus. The smell of food would either produce salivation or the feeling of being hungry.

In what ways did the Puritans influence America in economics politics Essay

In what ways did the Puritans influence America in economics politics and religion - Essay Example This pragmatism and idealism was carried through subsequent generations on high flights of thought. The Yankee pragmatism and Puritan idealism became the two sides of the American coin, which united in the New England character for a primitive synthesis of the native mind Influence of Puritans on the American Economics To the Puritan, therefore, the drama of salvation, with its quest of certainty, seemed like an economy of redemption, with its promise of success. In the influence of the American economy, the New England Puritan was engaged in a great game of transcendental politics, playing in the market of chance with a sovereign god whose dice were always loaded. However, Fey (19) supported that, the Puritans’ typos influenced the economy of redemption thus balancing and harmonizing the economy of the 18th century that gave way to a more radical evolutionary conception of the economy in nature. Puritans looked favorably on the economic success, another characteristic of indi vidualistic values. Puritanism balanced the endorsement of economic activism with the aim of deterring behavior that led to poverty. In addition, Puritan moralists readily admitted that the poor were part of the human community and that charity could not earn spiritual merits. They suggested that those of means had a moral obligation to assist those poor whose poverty was no fault of their own. Puritan ethic affirmed human relationships. Some economics in America have considered a society’s view on the legitimacy of market-pricing and the charging of interest on loans to the main indicators of its friendliness to capitalism. As noted earlier, these issues were relatively small compared to the much broader issues of economic morality. But on pricing and marketing issues, the Puritans hewed to their logic: individual freedom in pricing and interest-collecting was endorsed, but this freedom was considered being absolute in the American economy. For instance, extreme price increa ses in time of scarcity were viewed not as a morally neutral, technical process that involved the supply and demand ideologies but as potential exploitation of others during the time of hardship. Various merchants including Robert Keayne discovered such limits on the market freedom when he was tried for excess profiting. As noted, property rights, wealth, and freedom to change interest or set prices were never viewed as absolute rights of individuals, but were contingent on serving a common good as well. Puritans were individualistic expressed mainly through a relational individualism that resisted tears in the human fabric (Frey 19). Influence of Puritans on the American politics According to Johnson (51), Christians of the early Roman period and for Puritans of the 17th century, prejudice was neither racist nor sexist but religious. That is what was commonly defined by many as cultural impact. This culturist behavior distinguishes exclusively most of the ideologies on the basis of moral character between some sense of the elect term and moral conscious. The same ambiguity was applied in large groups at the top and bottom of the social pyramid that English Puritanism characterized as the unproductive and parasitical individuals thus categorized as the apathetic. Cultural prejudice is a declining influence in modern American life. In it the conservative Puritan politics speak to a need for the accumulation of minorities; a mainstream theory of national identity as opposed to the mosaic theory for which most liberal minority leaders express preference. The Puritans made the social revolution to be slow in reaching the country. That allegation has been exempted not because the problem was solved, but

Are all personality disorders treatable Why has this become an Essay

Are all personality disorders treatable Why has this become an important issue - Essay Example However, most of the work regarding this subject has been on the psychoanalytic side. The same is the case with treatment approaches and literature (Benjamin, pp. 8-46, 2002). Almost all of the experts (Millon, Millon, Grossman, Meagher, & Ramnath, pp. 36-39, 2004) conceptually have the same opinion on the idea that the best way to go about the treatment of personality disorders is to discover, classify, categorize and modify the basic and foundation causes of the same. However, the cognitive therapy experts and psychoanalysts differ in their thoughts at the next stage. The cognitive therapy theorists hold the view that personality disorders and its products are realizable by the subject or patient and at times all this is happening under the consciousness of the subject. On the other hand, psychoanalysts think the opposite way. For them, personality disorders and their outcomes are unconscious to the subject and they are not aware of it at all. It is interesting to note here that few of the people go to doctors or clinical psychologists with complaints regarding personality disorders. Despite the fact that there are many people around the world with personality disorders; however, only a few of them are aware of it. Most of them go to doctors with complaints like depression, stress, aggressive behavior and others (Benjamin, pp. 8-46, 2002). More importantly, they view their problematic behavior a product of the external environment. The think they are the victims of the situation going on and they have little or no contribution in their behavior. The problem here is that since they do not think they are responsible for their behavior therefore they also look out for solutions to their problems without realizing the fact that even they can contribute to change themselves. One can find these people saying, â€Å"I have always been this way,† â€Å"this is the way I

The effects of a divorce on the cognitive and social development of Essay

The effects of a divorce on the cognitive and social development of adolescents - Essay Example Intact families may also be undergoing the same dysfunctional environment, as do the families to be divorced. A phenomenal rise in divorce rates in the developed countries during the 1960s and 1970s made nations tighten the divorce laws. Studies showed that children of divorced parents experienced more emotional and behavioral problems than children who live with both biological parents. It was a widely accepted perception that marital disruption makes adolescents more vulnerable to problems. This led to the formulation of a series of legal reforms and social policies to increase and enforce child support system. With the help of professional peer reviewed journals and online database, this paper will determine the effects of a divorce on the cognitive and social development of adolescents. Adolescents’ response to parental divorce has been focus of research for many sociologists and psychologists. These responses have significant effect on their behavioral patterns, social development, their moods, and anxieties. There is convincing evidence that children of divorce experience more psychological, social and academic difficulties than the peers from intact families. The old school of thought believed that parental divorce was an event which, affected children after the divorce had actually taken place. Recently, family researchers look at marital disruptions as a continuous process that occurs much before the marriage dissolves and may continue long after the divorce takes place (Sun, n.d.). Bogenschneider, Kaplan & Morgan (1993) quote from a review of 92 studies of divorce undertaken by Amato & Keith (1991) which involved 13000 children. According to the review, children of divorce experience lower levels of well-being than children from intact families across several domains. According to Researcher Sun at Ohio State

GSK Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GSK - Case Study Example GSK had several arguments in its defense. First, it argued that it was not breaching any competition laws since national governments already controlled and restricted the pharmaceutical sector (Schultz & Killick 2006, p.2). Secondly, GSK averred that opening up the pharmaceutical sector to parallel market operations would negatively impact on their revenues; hence, hampering their role in research and development. In addition, parallel market operations tended to create shortages of medicine in low-price countries as businesses were buying them from such countries and shipping them off to high-price countries within the EU in order to rake in huge profits. Nevertheless, some arguments clearly compromised GSK’s position. To begin with, GSK could not be exempted from Article 81 of the European Union that outlaws any activity that restricts trade among member states (Covingon & Burling 2005). Limiting parallel market operations would amount to undermining competition within EU member states (Morgan Lewis 2009, p. 1). Secondly, pharmaceutical companies, especially GSK, were not contributing towards the improvement of the production and distribution of medical products. Moreover, GSK had not been party to the promotion of technical and economic growth in their countries of operation. Consequently, the giant pharmaceutical corporation lost the case. Covington & Burling (2005) Parallel Trade in Pharmaceutical Products in Europe: The European Court of Justice’s Ruling in Syfait v. GSK.[Online]. Available from http://www.cov.com/files/Publication/13800cb1-53df-44f7-8fc6-acef546be00b/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/02f82d54-11c6-41ce-9dad-b190bfc3309c/oid11576.pdf. [Accessed April 29, 2014]. Morgan Lewis. (2009) European Court of Justice Delivers Mixed Message on Parallel Trade. Morgan Lewis. [Online] October 6, 2009. Available from http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/ATR_EuropeanParallelTrade_LF_06oct09.pdf. [Accessed

Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner Essay

Government as a Social Tool or Business Partner - Essay Example It should be noted that when the governments prioritizes corporate subsidies and allocate less fund for welfare payments, it just emphasizes that corporations are much needy than the public. This is even more strongly felt now that the country is operating on a tight budget. Theory then states that the private sector should be solely responsible for the provision of social programs. This paper opts to offer an insight to this issue by looking at the economic argument for and against corporate welfare. It is irrefutable that corporate welfare is one of the most debated social and economic issues. The term "corporate welfare" is coined by Ralph Nader in 1956 in order to describe the "benefits conferred on corporations as compared to any corporate payment, or goods or services provided, to the government." With this definition, Nader looks beyond the benefits conferred and costs incurred by a particular program by looking at the government's costs and benefits. For example, if a program involves the government giving more to private companies than it gets back, then it is considered as corporate welfare. ... Corporate welfare can take the form of direct grants to business, programs that provide research and other services for industries, and programs that provide subsidized loans or insurance to business. A good example is the Ohio Loan Law in 1837 which "required the State to give tax revenues to private canal, turnpike, and railroad corporations while permitting them also to charge tolls" (Nader 1999). Others include the Market Access Program for the agricultural department, the Advanced Technology Program, and Technology Reinvestment Program (Stansel n.d.). These moves emphasize these companies importance to the local government. The common argument for corporate welfare is more economic than social. It should be noted that tax perks like tax holidays and tax breaks are commonly used by governments in order to encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment. This is more apparent in developing countries where the economy is largely dependent on foreign players. The main argument for this is that "economy is dependent on business stability and that corporate development is directly linked to job growth" (Perryman 1996). When tax breaks are offered, companies can operate more efficiently by cutting down on operational costs. Tax breaks are also potent ways to attract more companies thereby increasing the locality's production and income. The presence of corporate subsidies also ensures the stability of the business sector. When the government provides corporate welfare, it in fact, works in ensuring that companies continue to operate efficiently. It should be noted that corporate welfare includes provision o f funds, projects, and programs which aids business organizations in research and development, marketing, and in their production efforts.

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Research Paper

How Have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, and Isolation to Attain Equality anc Civil Rights - Research Paper Example Consequently, various anti-racism movements emerged in order to end this trend of racism against blacks in the United States. Martin Luther King was one of the most famous black activists who paid his life for the sake of ending racism in the United States. The echo of his famous word 'I have a dream' still persists in the ears of activists and anti-racists, in an attempt to make this 'dream' come true. King himself was subjected to sever cases of racism and violence, as "during the 1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed, beaten, and eventually killed for his leadership in the civil-rights movement" ("Battling Racism: †¦."). In the United States, the year 1963 witnessed a major civil rights mobility with the efforts done by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in the field of fighting racial segregation. King, president of SCLC is now inspiring civil rights movements all over the United States to resist the social, economic, and p olitical practices that involve racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans. One of the most successful campaigns in this field is the Birmingham campaign, which has witnessed strategic effort that is exerted by King and his SCLC for the sake of promoting civil rights for African Americans. This campaign, which is based in Birmingham, Alabama lasted for more than two months in the spring of 1963, aiming "at ending the city's segregated civil and discriminatory economic policies" (Garrow, 1981). In fact, the effective tactics, strategies, and philosophies followed by King and his organization have played major roles in fulfilling the goals of the campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. The first and most significant aspect of King and his civil rights movement is the adoption of non-violent approaches to reach the goal of ending racial segregation in the United States. This tactic was particularly evident in the Birmingham campaign, where King and his African American fo llowers organized non-violent gatherings, marches, and boycotts in order push the city officials to review the civil laws that are considered by King and his movement unfair. King stressed the resort to non-violent approaches in Birmingham, when he declares that "the purpose of  ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation"(Garrow, 1981). Thus, it can be said that King, and his philosophy of nonviolence, was the dominant force in his civil rights movement that achieved great success in Birmingham. In employing the tactic of non-violent resistance against the practices of segregation, King was a strong believer in the power of non-violent approaches to attain legal demands of equality and abundance of racial segregation. In this context, King was inspired by the character of Gandhi in India, who was a strong advocate of the policy of non-resistance. Witnessing the success of Gandhi and his movement in reaching thei r goals in India, King believed that he also can succeed in forcing his government to abolish segregation laws. Thus, the core reason behind the success of Birmingham campaig

Inequalities in Chile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inequalities in Chile - Essay Example Their role in ensuring the same may well go beyond into the future with a view to making the economy great as well as rising the living standards of the citizenry. Lately, there have been emerging trends in the world that have necessitated a close scrutiny in order to unravel the reasons behind them and their relationship to growth (OECD, 2009). There exist a number of inequalities that may impact the growth prospects of a country. Therefore, comprehensive assessments should be carried out in order to establish the underlying trends so as to address this phenomenon at the earliest opportunity and unearth possible facts. Chile has always enjoyed stability in democracy as well as the economy across South America. In the whole of Latin America, the people of Chile have benefited from improved standards of living, efficiency and effectiveness of the government that has the lowest levels of corruption and a functioning democracy that serves the interests of all citizens in the region. Nev ertheless, despite having all these developments in democracy with resolute institutions coupled with a continued growth in the economy, there have been reported levels of inequality in the socioeconomic platform that can be traced from the previous leadership that failed to guarantee a fair treatment to everyone in the society (Robinson, 2001). This kind of inequality in the Latin America region emanates from social decadence with roots way back in colonialism time where the monopolistic aspect of the royal families controlled the economy to a great extent. This action left large chunks of wealth to a few individuals who became filthily affluent, something that widened the gap between those at the helm of leadership and those in the ‘working nation’ with this phenomenon staying long enough even after attaining self-government (Barron, 2009). This led to unnecessary pressures in the social setup, thus jeopardizing the stability that ensures victory within a democratic c ountry in the class of Chile. This country also followed the same route that rewards a few people in the economy which saw immense pressures mount in the 1970s due to the idea to redistribute the wealth acquired unfairly to those who never had any or those with meagre traces (Suter, 2010). To address this inequality, several policies were drafted that aimed at charting the best way possible to redistribute the wealth for the benefit of all. This was also to nationalise all other major sectors and tackle the inequality amicably. Notably, there was very little growth at the time of this inequality and there could be no growth since wealth accumulation was directed to one side of the rich and powerful (Anastassiou, 2011). However, the effort to undertake the redistribution was met with friction amongst the affected, thus bruising the economy with the unending chaos experienced that was evident from how the policies were implemented. The dictatorial leadership altered the economic struc ture leading to an eventual coup with the economy status still struggling to regain strength soon after the coup. With the elapse of time, the then general constituted a team of experts to address the problem and undertake an overhaul that saw Chile on its feet again. Their activities’ objectives were concerned with tackling inflation that was biting heavily and other monetary policies that remained strict and tight. Many barriers to trade came to an end with some tariffs facing abolishment to pave the way for more lucrative business deals within and without the country (Boesten, 2010). The economy was given a facelift that made the country start exporting some of its surplus, thus leading to a

Police Administration Essay Example for Free

Police Administration Essay In the general concern of police administration, strategic program evaluation is indeed important for the effectiveness of their service and function in the society. Through the thorough evaluation and analysis of their administration and programs, the police organization can understand their processes and strategies in which they can notice their challenges, pitfalls, and problems thus ensuring measures to further develop their performance and service. Another is that through evaluation, the police administration can likewise determine their strengths and advantages, which they can incorporate in their organizational development and further performance plan. Indeed, with the knowledge determined in the administration and program evaluation, the police organization can find effective solutions and strategies for the realization of further development in their function as public servants. However, for the effectiveness of the program evaluation, certain measures must be implemented to achieve the desired results and information accuracy. In this aspect, most evaluations of the police organization programs are conducted by outsiders from the said institutions who mainly represent the public sector which are the primary target of the said program. There are three reasons for this arrangement namely as inclined with humanitarian concern, neutrality view, and the awareness campaign for the fundamental characteristics of the program. Indeed, the dialogue of program evaluation by outsiders counteracting the police institutions is arranged mainly for the intention of achieving effective influence and positive results from the program for the benefit of its target namely the public sector. The arrangement placing outsiders as the evaluators of the programs and strategies of the police organizations is established based on three reasons inclined towards the effectiveness of the police function concern. The first involves humanitarian concern wherein the outside evaluation will be conducted on the perspective of its target sector and the realization of its effects on the public. In the process of outside evaluation, the examiners can thoroughly consider whether the said police program, strategy, or action will be either advantageous or detrimental to their concern. With them conducting the evaluation as the party representing the public interest, they can significantly determined if there are any abusive characteristics or grounds in the program which would be contradictory to the function and responsibility of the police department. Another reason for the said evaluation arrangement is the neutrality pursuit wherein both parties namely the police force and the public sector desire a transparent and unbiased view on the examination. Having an outside party conduct the program evaluation will result to a process free from the political nature and pressure existing inside the police organization. With this arrangement, any bias qualities inside the program can be reduced or even eliminated as both contrasting parties have reviewed and commented on the nature of the said program. The third reason for the said arrangement in police program evaluation lies in the awareness campaign and interest of the police organization. In this concern, the police group must acknowledge the presence and relevance of the public sector representation in terms of information dissemination and awareness. Manifested in the outside party evaluation, a party representing the public must be allowed to investigate and acquire knowledge regarding the program of the police organization. Having been informed of the program’s nature and characteristics, the said party can aid the public in understanding the purpose and relevance of that program thus, gaining the trust, support, and participation of the public sector. Indeed, doing the arrangement of outside party evaluation can effectively aid the interest of the program of manifesting the function of the police organization and benefit the need of the public sector. In the pursuit of achieving effectiveness in the action and performance of the police organization, programs embodying the function of the organization are created as part of their action. In the concern of achieving the beneficial interest from the police performance, the arrangement establishing outside parties to evaluate and examine the performance program of the police organization is created. This approach is developed mainly based on the reasons of humanitarian concern, transparency in the organization’s activities, and the interest of the public for awareness in the presence and activities of the police organization. In general, the development of the said arrangement as part of the procedural activity of the police organization is for the effectiveness of their function and duty of protecting the welfare of the public and promoting peace in the society.

With specific reference to the two soliloquies Essay Example for Free

With specific reference to the two soliloquies Essay The first soliloquy appears after Hamlet has been deeply insulted and embarrassed by his uncle saying tis unmanly grief and being told that all he has believed in is wrong and childish, and he has just been told to forget about his fathers death because your father lost a father; That father lost, lost his; The final offense was that Hamlet had been told he cant go back to university, but has to stay home with his uncle and mother. I think Shakespeare has set the scene for the next soliloquy very well because of what has just happened to Hamlet. When the soliloquy comes after the moving scene in the banqueting hall, Hamlet speaks of his disgust at his mothers marriage to his uncle so soon after his fathers death. Hamlet also speaks of how he hates his uncle and that he is nothing like his good kind father. He is very upset about his mother and uncle being incestuous because it is against their religion. The final outrage he speaks of is that he believed his mother and father were so happy together, but then his mother marries his uncle not two months after his father had died proving Hamlet wrong. The second soliloquy I am studying appears after Hamlet has just discovered that his uncle has murdered his father and so Hamlet is trying to think of a way of revenge. Hamlet is distressed about everything that has happened to him and around him so Shakespeare makes him philosophize about death and what happens after you die. Throughout the speech Hamlet is always considering this point of death, as he is still very upset because so far he has done nothing physical towards avenging his fathers death and he cannot see how he can help his father. Also at the end of his first soliloquy Hamlet tries to apologize to Ophilia. The first Soliloquy is alone in the dark cold hall where everything is quiet and dreary, this is a large contrast from the previous scene which had lots of people in it who were all happy and celebrating the marriage of Hamlets uncle and mother. This is an important part shown by Shakespeare that Hamlet is all alone physically and mentally and that he has no one to turn to or confide in because he promised the ghost of his father to tell no one of what was said in their meeting. This shows to the audience Hamlets true state of mind as being utterly alone. This speech appears spontaneous, although Shakespeare in fact carefully structures it. Hamlet keeps changing the subject and then quickly returning to it, which gives us the impression that he is just speaking his thoughts as they come into his head, and can therefore be trusted. In the second soliloquy I am studying, Hamlet is in a public place and even though he is alone the audience dont feel as close to him because Shakespeare has made the soliloquy so that at any time someone like Claudius or Polonius could walk in and catch Hamlet speaking in his current state. Also Hamlet is very distressed because he now knows that his uncle, Claudius has murdered his father in cold blood and Hamlet has done nothing yet towards revenging his fathers death. This soliloquy could be dangerous because if he got caught speaking as he was he would get into trouble and Claudius might lose his temper and do something drastic. In the first Soliloquy Hamlet talks about his mother, he feels disgraced with her, he cant really see why she married his uncle, and he does not like to think about it. I think at this point, he is too upset to be suspicious of his fathers death; he still believes a snake really did kill his father. I can see this from the line But two months dead! -Nay, not so much, not two. He then talks about Claudius, I think he now associates his mother with Claudius as a couple, so every time he talks about his mother; he feels he has to mention Claudius. He thinks that his uncle corrupted his Mother, and thinks as a result of this, his mother and all other women are weak. Frailty, thy name is woman tells us this. This could affect his relationship with Ophelia, as he thinks all women are weak and frail. The second soliloquy I am studying is a lot more philosophical and deep than the first because of Hamlets mood and he tries to persuade himself that after death is a good place where good things happen but he is held back by conscience and fear, the reason fear is such a big part of this play is because Shakespeare wrote it for an Elizabethan audience and a ghost appearing would have a tremendous affect on the audience in those days because they felt a lot more strongly about souls not at rest. Hamlet also tries to apologise to Ophilia in this soliloquy even though she is not present in this soliloquy because he has finally thought of something physical to do to help his father but it uses Ophilia in a nasty way. Also the idea of suicide was taken a lot more serious in the days this play was targeted at and it was also considered worse than it is today. So everything in Hamlets life has been turned upside down or destroyed because, his father is dead, he cannot see his friends at university and he has just been told to stop making a fool of himself. This is a very dramatic speech with lots of pauses, which is shown by the Hyphens, questions, and exclamation marks etc. Fie on t! O, fie! is a good example of this from the first soliloquy because Shakespeare breaks up the words using pauses so there is more strain on certain parts of the word and certain parts of the soliloquy. Rhetorical questions are used To be or not to be shows Hamlets state of mind because he is asking himself questions that he does not expect an answer for. The dramatic pauses are used to put emphasis on different parts of Hamlets soliloquy showing the more important and serious parts of it. Hamlets sentences are generally short and disjointed in this soliloquy To die, to sleep-showing Hamlets mood is agitated and he is distressed. Iambic pentameter is used in both soliloquies because it is a recognized poetic device and can reflect normal speech, which is the way Hamlet is supposed to be speaking. In the second soliloquy Shakespeare again includes lots of dramatic pauses to break up the speech and also to give a climax to what Hamlet will say next. The sentences are long because Hamlet is almost talking to himself and so does not slow down or pause very often and so he rambles on. Also in this soliloquy Hamlet is philosophizing about death and whats after death and so he does not speak as he would if somebody else was there. The soliloquy is more realistic because if it rhymed then it would have to have been already thought up and it is supposed to be spontaneous. The sentences are rather disjointed showing Hamlet, at this moment in the play, as a slightly mad character. In this speech Hamlet repeats the words To die, to sleep- which helps to show that even though Hamlet tries to talk about something other than suicide he cannot help thinking about death as something as peaceful as sleep because thats what he wants to think. The use of comparison between death and sleep shows that Hamlet is considering death and he hopes it will be peaceful like sleep. But as he considers death for in that sleep of death what dreams may come. must give us pause he wonders what happens after you die and if it is worse than the problems he has now and so because of that he has to stop and think about what to do, this shows that he is indecisive over this matter. The imagery slings and arrows of fortune shows that Hamlet thinks he has been almost attacked individually by fortune and he feels he is vulnerable. Also Hamlet questions the point of life because everyone dies eventually and he says that Humans are subject to lots of hurt. Hamlet compares after death to an undiscovered country where no traveler returns so this shows that Hamlet realizes that death is a one way process where there is no turning back, which shows that Hamlet is still sane and rational. When Hamlet uses the image of an un-weeded garden because Hamlets father died in a garden but also because Shakespeare tries to make Hamlet use the imagery of his father being the gardener of the family and without him the garden goes out of control and falls apart. Hamlet compares his father with Claudius. He describes his father as Hyperion, God of the sun, meaning that in Hamlets mind, the world would not go on without him. This shows his great respect for his father and how he looks up to him. He then compared Claudius to a Satyr, which shows that Hamlet has a very low opinion of Claudius. The main reason he thinks of Claudius as a Satyr, is because Hamlet thinks that Claudius took advantage of his mother when she was so distraught over his fathers death. Shakespeare uses a soliloquy to put Hamlet alone showing his mental state as being alone. Shakespeare uses soliloquies because they are an insight into a character because they are not actually speaking to anyone In this case Hamlet lets out his innermost and personal feelings and so the audience like the play more because in a soliloquy it is more personal and so people in the audience can relate to what Shakespeare makes Hamlet say. For an actor, playing Hamlet, I would have Hamlet moving around the stage. The main reason for this is because in a theater there are no cameras to zoom in on facial expressions so, if Hamlet was not moving around on stage, (because of the nature of the theater, some people being closer to the stage, whilst others are father away), the people further away would quickly loose interest. All they would see, would be a person just stood there doing nothing. The best way of acting out the soliloquy would be to use hand motions, Hamlet could also move around making the best use of the stage. I dont think the audience would loose interest because Hamlet is walking around, in fact they would probably be more interested as they could follow him through his actions. He should start in the middle of the stage, so the audience can tell immediately that Hamlet is the center of attention right from the beginning of the soliloquy. Hamlets voice should change considerably throughout the soliloquy. In some parts of the soliloquy, Hamlet talks continually, without full stops. At these times, his voice should become dramatically louder, and it could also speed up. This would show the audience he is getting angry, or upset. His voice should soften, and slow down when he feels as though the whole world is on his shoulders. As Hamlet is acting, he should try to convey his emotions through speech, facial expressions and body language. Shakespeare has made an excellent character that a person reading the play or watching it as part of an audience, can really believe in Hamlet as being a real person. This is because of the two soliloquies I have studied make Hamlet look like a real person because he is alone and so the audience can feel more close to Hamlet. Also because it becomes more personal when Hamlet is not talking to anyone and it seems that he is talking to the audience. Also because he lets his emotions come out in such detail the audience can actually relate to what he is saying and so they feel they know what he is going through. Because of all these points I believe that Shakespeare has really captured the essence of creating a person in this case Hamlet and then managing to make the audience believe he is real not just a fictitious character.

Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay

Model Of Nursing And Orems Self Care Model Nursing Essay Salvage (2006) reports the RLT model is based on what is considered as twelve activities of living. The model determines that physical/biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomical factors all influence the way in which an individual performs these activities of living (Salvage, 2006). Healy and Timmins (2003) further add that activities of living are one of five main components that are all interconnected. Progression along the lifespan, the dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing the activities of living and the individuality in living completing the final four components. They state the model is one that focuses on the patient as an individual engaged in living throughout a lifespan and moving from dependence to independence according to age, circumstances and environment (Healy Timmins, 2003, p. 792). Healy and Timmins (2003) identify the model is used to identify a patients abilities in each of the twelve activities of living and use this data as a guide to develop an individualised care plan. Meleis (2012) defines Orems framework as one that identifies patients needs and the resulting nursing intervention necessary to enhance self-care. Johnson and Webber (2010) explain Orems Model has three interrelated concepts theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit and theory of nursing systems. According to Orem, people require assistance when their ability to meet their own self-care needs becomes compromised (Horan, 2004). Orem identifies three categories of self-care common to all people, believing when an individual is unable to meet these needs a self-care deficit occurs (Berman et al, 2012; Fitzpatrick Whall, 2005). Orems model assesses a patients self-care ability to determine the deficit in meeting their own care. Once the deficit is established, one of five methods can be implemented to meet the patients self-care needs. Depending on the patients abilities to perform their own self-care, one of three nursing systems is utilized to meet the needs of the patient (Be rman et al, 2012). Nurses have a responsibility to consider legal and ethical issues that need to be employed when performing health assessments. Legal issues, according to Berman et al (2012) include consent, confidentiality, duty of care and negligence whilst ethical issues include non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy and justice. Otherwise known as the four principles of bioethics (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 88). The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council [ANMC] have developed codes and guidelines that are a minimum standard of practice that a nurse is expected to maintain. When performing health assessments nurses must perform within their scope of practice which is based on education, knowledge, competency, extent of experience and lawful authority (ANMC, 2008). Atkins, Britton and de Lacey (2011) identify the position of power a nurse holds over a patient because of their inability to meet certain self-care needs and their reliance on the assistance of a nurse. They describe the relationship that exists between nurse and patient as a fiduciary relationship (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011, p. 82). Central to this relationship is cooperation with the patient, with him/her an active member of the decision making process (Atkins, Britton de Lacey, 2011). It is recognised that the nurse has technical knowledge and expert advice however lacks sufficient knowledge and authority over a patients life. Therefore the nurse lacks the expertise to make significant decisions without the patients consent. A patient must consent to any health assessment being performed, however, the nurse first must provide sufficient and relevant information about the assessment being undertaken. Any framework implemented in the nursing environment will always come with strengths and limitations. Whilst not practising the Self-Care Model as Orem packaged it, Johnson and Webber (2010) state nurses have embraced the logic of self-care as therapeutic. This has resulted in them focusing their care focused towards helping patients meet their self-care needs rather than performing these for them. This promotes patient independence and maximizes nursing resource. Nurses have integrated principles of the model into diverse practice settings including different cultures and the world. Horan (2004) presented the use of Orems model in the field of intellectual disability and initially believed the model was too complex for successful application in this arena. His view changed when he saw the benefit the model provided to cater for individuals, with total care for one patient or just education and support for another. Meleis (2012) highlights the versality of the model with its use in preoperative and postoperative care, psychiatric, palliative and HIV patient care, ranging from geriatric patients to adolescents and children. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) identify the model is relevant, noting its implementation in many health care institutions. Ths suggesting the model is flexible and adaptable to form an individual care plan that will meet an array of patient needs. Orems model provides a framework for intervention and in her own words states self-care deficit theory of nursing will fit into any nursing situation because it is a general theory, that is, an explanat ion of what is common to all nursing situations, not just an explanation of an individual situation (Meleis, 2012, p. 208). Irrespective of these strengths, Johnson and Webber (2010) believe Orems model is detailed and burdened with complicated language. Meleis (2012) supports their idea, suggesting the model is ambiguous, lacks clarity and can result in misinterpretation. Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) state the theory can be viewed as culturally biased due to the fact it relies on principles such as autonomy, self-determinism and self-reliance. Principles that are not adopted in all cultures. Orems model addresses how nursing actions function to enhance health therefore being a valuable tool in the lives of those whose ability to self-care is thwarted. However, Fitzpatrick and Whall (2005) argue it may not make the same impact in health prevention care and promoting health. They claim its focus on self-care deficits resulting from health problems excludes a health promotion focus. Meleis (2012) supports this claim concluding that as nursing shifts to more community focus, the model will need to be supplemented with focus on health prevention and promotion care. Johnson and Webber (2010) identify that nursing would benefit from principles from a range of frameworks to enhance holistic assessment rather than limiting its practice to the boundaries of one single framework. This essay has discussed RLT Model of Nursing and Orems Self-Care Model as health care frameworks that can be used when collecting heath assessment data. It outlined legal and ethical issues underpinning the nurse-patient relationship and how these must direct any interaction with the patient when conducting health assessment. Finally, it brought attention to the strengths and weaknesses when using Orems Self-Care Model, evidence showing whilst there are limitations to the model, there are attributes that make it valuable. Whilst the clarity of the model seemed questionable due to language used, the ability the model has to cater for patients with varying capacities proved it flexible and adaptable, encouraging and promoting patient independence.

Do Prisons Rehabilitate? Essay -- essays research papers

Do Prisons Rehabilitate? In this essay, I shall be focusing on the whether or Prisons rehabilitate offenders. I will do this by focusing mainly on the Prison Service in England & Wales, the reason for this, being that the data and statistics for England & Wales are easier to obtain than that of other countries. The main information I will be referring to will be the rates of conviction, types of imprisonment, types of non-custodial sentences. Also I will explore some of the current methods of offender rehabilitation. Her Majesty’s Prison Service is composed of two main types of prisons, they are open and closed prisons. Following the Mountbatten Report (1965) Prisoners were placed into security categories, ranging from category A (high risk prisoner - escape would pose a serious risk to the public or state) to category D (low risk prisoner - can be trusted in open prison conditions). Prisons have four major purposes, they are; retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation. Retribution means punishment for crimes against society. Prisons serve to deprive criminals of their freedom is a way of making them pay a debt to society for their crimes. Incapacitation refers to the removal of criminals from society so that they can no longer harm innocent people. Deterrence means the prevention of future crime, it is hoped that bye imprisoning a criminal, it deters them from committing the crime again and also deters others from committing crime. Rehabilitation refers to activities designed to change criminals into law abiding citizens, and may include providing educational courses in prison, teaching job skills and offering counselling with a psychologist or social worker. Over many years the focus of the prison service has switched between the four purposes, therefore at different times in history the importance of rehabilitation has fluctuated. â€Å"Her Majesty’s Prison Service serves the public by keeping in custody those committed by the courts. Our duty is to look after them with humanity and help them lead law-abiding and useful lives in custody and after release.† http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/lrgtxt.asp The above statement of purpose is that of Her Majesty’s Prison Service. As can be seen from the statement, there seems to be a focus on incapacitation and rehabilitation. Over many years, people’s attitude towards how to deal with pr... ...are often sentenced when nothing else has worked and in effect the system has given up. The prison service has no control over the prisoners that they take in, and therefore as the offenders stay in custody is forced rehabilitation will not be effective unless the offender wants to be rehabilitated. REFERENCES Internet Sites All of the below listed sites were last accessed on 10/12/2002 http://www.dfes.gov.uk/prisonerlearning/init_p.cfm?ID=13 http://www.dfes.gov.uk/prisonerlearning/init_p.cfm?ID=17 http://www.guardian.co.uk/prisons/story/0,7369,747482,00.html http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/lrgtxt.asp http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/news/newstext.asp?272 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/prishist.htm http://society.guardian.co.uk/mentalhealth/story/0,8150,682850,00.html http://www.learn.co.uk/yvote/debates/crimeprisonpro.htm http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk/publications/reports/html/Reducing_Re-offending/chap ter_one.htm http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk/publications/reports/html/Reducing_Re-offending/chap ter_two.htm http://www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk/publications/reports/html/Reducing_Re-offending/chap ter_five.htm http://www.stoptheaca.org/purpose.html

Factors that Effet the Price Depreciation of a Car :: Economics Transportation Essays

Factors that Effet the Price Depreciation of a Car What factors effect the Price depreciation of a car and how? As a common teenager I am reaching the legal driving age and will soon require a car. As for most teenagers my age a new car is expensive so a second hand car would by more appropriate. For this project I will be looking at cars from two data sources: * The Primary Source. I will be doing my own research by using an "Auto Freeway" magazine for second hand cars and a "What Car?" magazine to find the prices of the cars when they are new. (Information Provided: Car Make, Car Model, Price When New. Price Second Hand, Age, Colour, Engine Size, Mileage) * The Secondary Source. I will be provided with this data. (Information Provided: Car Make, Car Model, Price When New. Price Second Hand, Age, Colour, Engine Size, Mileage, MPG, Fuel Type, Service History, MOT, Tax, Owners, Insurance Group, Doors, Seats, Style, Gearbox, Central Locking, Air Conditioning, Airbags) Since the magazine is not a totally reliable source I could not research as much information for the primary source as the secondary source. After I have 100 results of each source I will use systematic sampling by selecting every second car to cut my results into half from both sources. I will compare both sources. With my results I will calculate the Price Depreciation (%) showing by how much percent the car has decreased from the (Price When New). I suspect that there will be several trends and patterns in the results. The lack of information in the primary source means that I can only make 3 successful hypotheses: * The Older the car the higher the Price Depreciation * The Higher the Mileage the higher the Price Depreciation * The Engine Size would have a very little correlation if any, but if it does the correlation would be, the Bigger the Engine Size the Lower the Price Depreciation To get my primary data I will be using a random sampling. To do this I will use the random button on my calculator. I will pres it twice: first time I will take the last two digits for the page number and then I will press it again and use the last 2 digits for the car number in the page. If there is no such page or car then I will repeat the procedure. I am using Random Sampling because since I don't get told what order the cars are in. Due to this Cluster Sampling cannot be used because the group selected could be only for one make of cars.

Edgar Allen Poe: A great American Icon :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe’s unique, fearless and morbid writing style has influenced literature throughout the world. He was once titled the "master of the macabre" (Buranelli, 57). One of the aspects in his life with which he struggled was social isolation. He used this as a topic in a number of poems and short stories. Poe's life was also filled with periods of fear and irrationality. He had a very sensitive side when it came to the female gender, any woman he was ever close to died at an early age. Another of his major battles, actually the only one he really lost, was his struggle with alcoholism. Of all these topics, Poe's favorites were the death of a beautiful woman, a feeling, which he knew all too well, and the general topic of death. Edgar Allan Poe endured a very difficult life and this is evident in his literary style. Suffering through several periods of fear and irrationality during his life, Poe included those experiences in many of his more famous works. One of these periods involved experiences in joining the army in order to get away from his foster father after the death of his foster mother (Buranelli, 13). These periods of fear and irrationality were the cause of his misfortune and poor social status. His peers for these episodes looked him down upon. Poe expressed this theme throughout almost all of his short stories and poems. "Many of his stories exhibited abnormal states of mind and are constructed in terms of a single mad obsession†(Buranelli, 28). His insane ways made his work stand out from the normal short story, or poem. He was able to twist his stories and poems around in a way that almost seemed real, and was definitely intriguing. An example of this could be found in the â€Å"Black Cat†(Harrison, 257). The character took the eyes out of the first cat and then killed it. After that he proceeded to "accidentally" kill his wife with an ax, and bury her in a wall. Another example of Poe's insanity demonstrated within his works was located in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† (Harrison, 555), where Edgar stalked a man and eventually killed him. He then dismembered the body, took out his heart, and buried the man under the house. He later confessed to the police because he believed he could hear the heartbeat of the man.

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay

Financial statements that are prepared by a company to consider the effects of potential activity is considered a pro forma statements. A financial statement shows the projected or forecast of operating results and balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. The company XYZ Company Inc. is planning to expand their company in the next five years. This paper will review and discuss XYZ’s Company’s five year plan to expand to their organization. The XYZ Companies pro forma income statement is projected for the next five years which accounts for a 10% increase in gross sales for each of the five years. Financial managers use Proforma statements to assist financial managers to plan accordingly in terms of the company’s financial needs. By acquiring the company’s future income statement and balance sheets, managers can determine how much financing is needed and when it is needed. The Proforma analysis has become the proven tool that can be instrumental for general managers in the planning of employment intensities, inventory and problem solving issues. Proforma can also be used for more than just a forecasting tool. It can also be used for creating mid-stream corrections, evaluate variances, gauge weaknesses, strengths and evaluating performance during the budgeting period. By forecasting Proforma statements are created to predict balances at a certain date followed by combining them with a financial statement format. Acquiring the forces that influence them, one can determined how account balances are forecasted and project how the accounts may be influenced. The following is used to illustrate the ProForma’s five year projection process for XYZ’s Company. Revenue will increase twice in the year 2011 and afterwards continue to increase 10% in the next year. Cost of revenue will be based on total sales percentage. Presented is the Performa statement of the organization for the next five years. XYZ Company Inc.: 2011|2012|2013|2104|2015 It has been established that in the above Proforma balance sheet one has assumed that current liability and current asset has increased in the ratio of sales. In addition, the company has taken on a loan to meet the capital expansion as well as working capital’s needs. Reference University of Phoenix, (2015) â€Å"Analyzing Pro Forma Statements† retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44656217/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/53c06956-87e9-4050-8ecc-815e914705e0/expan

Is the death penalty racist against blacks? Essay

I. Introduction There atomic number 18 several queries which came up in my wondering(prenominal) mind and try to discover and quail at what argon the possible grounds that judiciaries be basing his/her verdict and judgment in sentencing goal penalisation to a defendant or the acc employ himself. destruction punishment is the heaviest and roughly depressing sentence for the accused thus, it ends his panoramas to change. bob up to think of it, the accused provide non be given a chance to renew himself and become a give let away citizen in our country. Several countries around the lump be in favor to such(prenominal) be and level off legalized it. scarce do we in truth hit the right to set death penalization to an accused? Is this act non a violation of gracious rights? Where did death penalisation start? Does it truly help lessen the growing crimes? Or cant we just figure an new(prenominal) alternative to lessen crimes? These are some of my queries and up t o now, I am trying to date both arguments of professional person and anti. I do understand why there are group of flock support this kind of penalization or sentence. These are the group of people who engage justice for those who are badly treated, maltreat and harmed and most of these people also underg one and only(a) such mistreatments or maybe their love ones. just how about if the accused is not really the one who commit the crime, is just throw a bureau up and does not comport seemly evidences to prove he is not inculpatory of it? And in practicing such law, does death penalty will not show biases, racism, and prejudices of whom the judiciaries will give such sentence? Furthermore, accord to others that death penalty is the best way to control and lessen crimes. It has been an argument not only in the unite States of the States but as well as around the globe. The death penalty is well-thought-out by most cultured and enlightened nation-states as an inhumane and c allous sentence or chastisement.In addition, death penalty has been de facto by 106 countries and since 1990, there were about 30 nation-states which have govern an end to it. Moreover, the death penalty has continuously put into practice in some nations such as the elected Republic of Congo, the United States of America, Iran and China which are the most profuse executioners in the globe. However, world(prenominal)ist official papers have labored and in several circumstances even banned the death penalty, its function and relevance does not contradict customary international law.Ample debates have continued in the United States of America as to whether it comprises a suitable chastisement at to the lowest degree to the most dreadful crimes (see Human Rights finish Penalty. Derechos Human Rights). Moreover, this issue has been continually debated in United States of America receivable to its fact that racism is almost premise every time a examine makes a sentence for the d efendant or accused. The illustration below shows the racial dislocation of district Attorneys* in United States finis Penalty States and was taken from the website http//www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? scid=45&did=539.The focal points of this study are to (1) understand what death penalty is (2) figure out how death penalty arises or starts (3) be aware of the different methods used to follow up people (4) recognize the spectral views on death penalty (5) find out if there is any racism involve in performing death penalty and (2) acquaint us the number of executions performed and the dry wash who faced death penalty payable to racism in different states of United States of America (6) know the public notion polls on the death penalty issue (7) learn the death penalty statistics and (8) recommend possible remedies or alternatives to subvert death penalty.II. Background A. What is death penalty? Death penalty is considered as a majuscule punishment and is an execut ion of a convicted offender by the State which serves as chastisement for crimes committed which is recognized and called as capital offenses or capital crimes. Death penalty is the most discussed issue in penalizing or sentencing the convicted criminal.The term capital was taken from a Latin word capitalis that refers to concerning the stop thus, to be susceptible to capital punishment would simply refers to metaphorically lose ones head. Moreover, the United States of America, majority of the Caribbean, Guatemala and other democracies in Africa and China continue to have its approval on death penalty but amongst of those democratic nations globally, majority of the European and Latin American states have put an end with the capital punishment.While on countries that are not democratic by nature, the death penalty execution is not unusual yet not do by all. There are veritable crimes that are specified by laws that get to be sentenced with death penalty depending on countries w here the crime committed. Nowadays, most countries that practiced and use death penalty used it as a punishment for crimes such as treason, part of the forces justice, murder and espionage.But for Muslim countries, death penalty is used as punishment for offenses such as sexual crimes (which include sodomy and adultery) and religious crimes care apostasy (abandonment of ones faith and belief). There are countries too that considered drug trafficking as a capital offense and in China, serious cases of embed and corruption and human trafficking are sentenced by death penalty. But in the military world, death penalty is practiced for offenses like desertion, mutiny insubordination and cowardice (Bailey, Harris, & Jones, 2005).

Individual delivery of a learning and development session plus 2000 words reflection

our land site CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING How to engage in a conversation with clients that would blend in to sales? image A Lesson PlanThe special(a)ized group of use upersFor this study the unique(predicate) group of learners include the sales and marketing attaches committed to sales agent who deals with rail mode cars.The training demandThe training totals the ineluctably of liveledge how to pitch their sales to the latent guests as it was always difficult to pitch sales to electric effectiveness drop car clients. Un manage in opposite markets where in that respect was only one product in the machine market at that place were diametrical geeks of products that met various necessitate of the customers. thusly it was necessary to train the new employees how to take in the customers during the initial conversation. It was important to train the trainees how to learn the needs of the customers and meet those needs by helping the customer to select a car that wo uld meet their potential needs. The other need was to create confidence among the trainees to search client and to subscribe to tough questions.The overall stick of the whole noesisThe overall aim of the training was to check the trainees with the sales friendship on how to engage a conversation with clients that would lead to sales. The aim was to help the trainees to translate the potential clients needs without branch inquire the price and the money that the customer has. The specific aims were to teach how to take away questions that lead to sales and how to grip from discussing price and discuss the abide by of move. study outcomesThe instruction outcomes ar improved understanding of the sales concepts much(prenominal) as require question and having discussion that make the customer understand the value of the automobiles that he or she is release to purchase.Overall metreline of the session including the content heading and contentTable 1 session and co ntent SessionContent IntroductionDefine pitching as the might to persuade the client by having appropriate lyric poem and data concerning the products. It is convincing the clients that the product has the electrical condenser to meet the customer needs and wants. LecturesTeach clients approximately asking questions, pitching and asking client questions that leave lead to closure of the sale. power laughersOrganise trainees into pairs where one of them acts as a salesman and the other as clientTable 2Mini littleon broadcast Time durationLearning and development methodTrainer activityLearner luckicipationAids and resources0-1st minuteIntroductionDefine pitching as the ability to convince the client by having appropriate words and information concerning the products. It is convincing the clients that the product has the capacity to meet the customer needs and wants.Take notesPower point1-5th minuteLecturesTeach clients about asking questions, pitching and asking client q uestions that will lead to closure of the sale. Taking notesPower point6-tenth minuteRole play to chance upon of tuitionOrganise trainees into pairs where one of them acts as a salesman and the other as clientThe scholarly person will act as a salesman while the other scholars will act as the purchase with a certain cypher and is facial expression for a car model that can fit within that model. Each student will amaze to act as a salesmen and a client. This will be through by organisation the students in groups of two. The student will act in motility of the class.A classroom11-12th minuteBrainstorm on potential questions to ask clientsAsk students the surmount type of questions to ask clients turn in two questions they would ask a potential customer that would make them know the customer and the need that the customer has.The student to provide tow questions that they would ask potential automobile client.A vent with open ended questions that the sales man should ask cl ients 13 15th minute Question and answersEvaluate students on their ability to ask questions that make the customers to explain their needs. They will excessively be valued on the backside of the answers and personal obtained from the client such as budget and the car model the client is looking for or the functionalities that the client is looking for in car.Students to fill in a form indicating what pieces they shit played and the questions they hand formulated as well as newsmonger what was interesting and what they demand wise to(p) about the lesson.A notebook computerThe lesson will considered to be effective ground on the students understanding of the sales concepts such as asking questions and having discussion that make the customer understand the value of the automobiles that he or she is going to purchase.Task B Personal ReflectionIntroductionThis is a observance on how I planned the lesson and the activities that were underinterpreted to teach students about e xecuting correct auto sales. Various familiarity and theories about possible action of skill were employed in this research to chequer that the lesson was effective and it attained the research objective lenss of making the student understand how to execute good auto sales. The initial part is the introductory function. The second part of this reflection reflects on the lesson plan and takes into the consideration the theory that was use in planning the lesson and the learning activities. The third section measured the strong point of the lesson. The fourth section reflects on what happened in the work aspect of the lesson and what has been learnt from this experience.Plan for the lesson and the theory taken into considerationIn planning for this lesson, I was aware of three learning theories which were the behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism. The behaviourism holds that teaching should be behaviour orientated and it should make the learners to respond in a part icular way through stimuli-response (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008). This means that the teachers should provide stimuli and considerateness the learners to respond to the stimuli in particular way. This means for antecedent hearing a door bell cost increase should lead to the response of opening the door (Fink, 2005). except this theory is somely applicable in kindly and in behavioural training such as training soldiers and members of the discipline forces which was not the case for this lesson. Learning is assessed through drills and authoritative keep experiences.The other learning theory that could be applied in learning is the cognitive theory. This theory holds that information can be retained in memory through hash out cognitive activities such as memorising and doing mental examples. The exercise should be enhanced through internal bear upon of information. The cognitive learning theory holds that learning is student based and should be examined through exclusive a ssessments.The other learning theory that could be utilize in designing the lesson plan is the constructivism which holds that learning is based on the individuals interpretation of the information and knowledge. It holds that there is no single way of interpreting and applying knowledge as each person has their own viewpoints and experiences that charm their world view (Mccrea, 2015). Therefore every individual is expected to act differently and to understand the provided knowledge distinctly from the other person. When using this theory the most applicable teaching methods included brainstorming, case studies, role models or bureau contend, and problem based learning.In my lesson the constructivism was used to impart knowledge to the students. The theory was preferred because the lesson center on the sales training which was based on experiences of greatest salesmen. There was no given way of doing sales as different people had done it differently depending with the customer s and the types of products and service that they were selling (Serdyukov and Ryan, 2008). Sales was also dependent on the types of customers as each type of customer had varying needs when purchasing an automobile as some valued automobiles that were luxurious others precious exercise such as speed and acceleration. different customers wanted low costs automobiles such and then price was the most significant consideration. Others wanted to hold the environment and wanted vehicles that were environmentally friendly such as the hybrid vehicles. This meant for one to be a great salesmen they had first to understand the individual customer and then apply the knowledge that they have on selling on the individual customer (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008). Therefore constructivist appeal was the most appropriate learning approach that could be employed in teaching the learners about good auto sales. When using this theory the learning activities included role compete and simulation a ctivities that included simulating sales scenario and the type of conversations that occur between the potential customers and the salesmen (Salsbury and Melinda, 2008).How the success of the lesson was assessedThe first way of assessing the effectiveness of the lesson was ensuring that the learning objectives were met. The learning objectives for this study were met. The first objective of this lesson was to vouch that the students dumb how to ask questions that led to sales. The second objective was to ensure that the students learned how to discuss the value of the automobile rather than the price of the automobiles. The other way that the effectiveness of the lesson was identified was through participation of the students in the lesson activities (Zimmerman, 2015). all(prenominal) the students that were involved in the lessons activities retained more than knowledge than those who were not involved. For instance one of the ways of ensuring that the students understood the le sson was asking them to participate in role playing where they will act as a salesman and client. Those who managed to ask the open ended questions that made the client to chat about themselves and the need that was to be met by the automobile were considered to have understood the lesson or the content for that learning. as well as the students who discussed the value of the car more than the price were considered to have met the objective of the lesson. However, assessing the effectiveness of the lesson was difficult especially because the time allocated for the lesson was not adequate for all the students to participate in the role play. However, it ensured that each individual understood and learned to apply the selling techniques on their own individuals capacity based on the clients needs.Activities during the practice and what I got from the practice One of the matters that happened during the practice is that the students were excited about the lesson activities. The stud ents wanted to participate in formulating the appropriate questions that they should ask potential automobile clients. The activity was the most interesting part and each student participated in formulating questions that they would ask a potential customers. However some of the students who were not positive did not participate.The other aspect that was interesting to the students was that of role playing. The students played according to kind groups which made it interesting. around of the client were tough and made the lesson exactly like what would happen to a car salesman. However those who were startle did not perform well in the role playing because they asked direct questions that could be answered fast (Skowron, 2010). On assessing the students based on their participants in role playing most of the confident students who were outgoing had better performance than the shy students. In the written test most of the student had better scores indicating that the information was highly retained by the students after the role play and simulation of a sales scenario (Zuiker, et al., 2016). The students were also euphoric and excited because they were actively involved in the lesson. found on this experience the most important thing I have learnt is that the students have the capacity to learn on their own with minimal guidance. I illustrious that to be effective the teacher should incorporate more doing activities in the lesson because they helped the student to apply knowledge in real life situation other than having supposititious knowledge only. However, the time allocated for the lesson was not enough to include more activities in the lesson plan.ConclusionThe reflection has echoed the learning that has been accrue during the preparation of the lesson plans. The exercise has helped me to put into use theories of learning employed in teaching. I have famed that each theory applies in different scenario based on the subject being taught. I have no ted that involvement of the student in real life activities through role playing and simulation was effective especially in teaching studies that essential application of knowledge in strict life situation like selling to customers who are different and need differing products. ReferencesFink, D. L. (2005) Integrated course design. Manhattan, KS The IDEA Center.Mccrea, P. (2015) number Lesson Planning A practical approach to doing less and achieving more in the classroom. Brighton Teacherly.Salsbury, E. and Melinda, S. (2008) Lesson Planning A Research-Based dumbfound for K-12 Classrooms. Alexandria, VA Prentice Hall.Serdyukov, P. and Ryan, M. (2008) Writing Effective Lesson Plans The 5-Star Approach. Boston Allyn & Bacon.Skowron, J. (2010) herculean Lesson Planning Every Teachers Guide to Effective Instruction. 10th edn. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press.Zimmerman, B. (2015) Self-Regulated Learning Theories, Measures, and Outcomes, International encyclopaedia of the Social & Beha vioral Sciences, pp. 541-546.Zuiker, S., Anderson, K., Jordan, M. and Stewart, O. (2016) Complementary lenses Using theories of situativity and complexity to understand collaborative learning as systems-level social activity, Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 9(11), pp. 80-94