A Sound of the Thunder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 484 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Tags: Adventure Essay Government Essay Ray Bradbury Essay Did you like this example? The Intersting Essay â€Å"A Sound of The Thunder† is a short story written by Ray Bradbury. This is a story that sets place in the near future where time travel is possible. His story has a lot of adventure, fearful, and mysterious things that could entertain you to read this story. One thing though is that everything changes forever because something in the story that Ray Bradbury puts in is that if you go back on the past or future never change anything even if it’s a small thing because not only that would change but the whole world would. This story was mostly how the future technology works and how we can go anywhere basically. The problem with this is that one of the hunters named Mr. Eckels become scared and turns back and steps off the path, which they cannot break this one rule or else they will face the consequences when they arrive home. Well before all this really happens they first start talking about the presidential election and who might win for sure. A Sound of Thunder† is a somewhat suspenseful story because you’re not sure what is going to happen and you don’t know if things will be the same when they come back to the future from the past. This is the act that changed the whole story of what happened when he changes one thing in the past where he and his partner go kill T- Rex. When both of the hunters arrive home, Eckels notices something out that the sign for the program that takes you back in time has changed very differently. As in every word is spelled wrong. And the look that Eckels had wasn’t very pleasing, These hunters are going on a safari hunt that the government approved of to kill a T-Rex. He has now found out that he stepped on a butterfly and changed the phonics for the United States of America and also their president that they thought was going to win well guess what he didn’t win. The hunting expedition that took place in the dinosaurs time or as I can say Jurass ic times it resulted that the whole world changed. But not only that everything in it to. So as you noticed when you go back in time is never good to change anything because it well likely change very bad. And what the author was explaining you is that if there is a time machine in the future yeah you can go back but make sure that there’s always rules in life and one of them is that you can change any of the past in you’re life. Secondly is that we all have are good things in life and bad things in life. So what this story carries to is like a future thing we expect in our life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Sound of the Thunder" essay for you Create order

Career Development And Performance Of Succession Planning...

Career Development and Performance Succession planning selects and develops future company leaders, but it is also an important opportunity an organization can use to develop employees for non-management roles. Succession planning concentrates on high-potential employees that the organization considers promising for higher-level manager positions (Noe, 2016). Succession planning should be combined with talent reviews to help employees understand their current skills and abilities and the skills and abilities needed for their future career. Succession planning educates employees about the competencies required for different jobs in the organization. This is vital because employees can use this knowledge to create short-term and long-term goals. Management should be conducting talent reviews and succession planning with employees so they can develop goals and strategies to meet these goals (Argosy University Online, 2016). The pros of succession planning are the strengthening of int ernal talent and increased employee retention and loyalty (Argosy University Online, 2016). Other benefits are the improvement of career mobility and engagement from using the existing workforce, and a company can save money from promoting from within (Hills, 2009). Some cons of succession planning are that a lot of companies are not good at it, and many senior-level managers are dissatisfied with it. It fails as a development tool if the candidates being developed do not have leadershipShow MoreRelatedCase Study : On The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1516 Words   |  7 PagesChern’s: Assessing Internal Candidates Chern’s talent philosophy is focused on the retention and development of their employees. They are the primary source for their associate department managers and department managers is their sales associate position, with 75 percent of their promotion coming from this source. In a review of the turnover data, the leadership team learned that they are losing a large number of good sales associates. The executives learned that a disproportionate number of goodRead MoreEvaluating The Retention And Development Of Their Employees1201 Words   |  5 PagesAssessing Internal Candidates Chern’s talent philosophy involves the retention and development of their employees. In a recent analysis of the turnover data, the executives learned that a disproportionate number of good sales associates had left the organization. These sales associates could have been potentially strong candidates for the department manager and assistant department manager positions. Chern’s uses supervisor recommendations and structured interviews to promote about 75 percent ofRead MoreThe Company Fosters A Learning Environment, And Encourages Training And Employee Development801 Words   |  4 Pagesencourages training and employee development. They have a strategic goal identified for continuous learning and development. A benefit developed by the company is an internal university that offers a variety of training in different disciplines, skills, and career paths. Leadership Pipeline. The structure of the company fits into the Leadership Pipeline as identified by Drotter and Charan (Building Leaders at Every Level: A Leadership Pipeline, 2001). There is a career path framework that has been developedRead MoreEffective Organizational Support For Professional Advancement1279 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping a transparent organizational commitment to succession planning creates an opportunistic culture encouraging professional development and increasing opportunities for high-potential employees (Bolton Roy, 2004; Rothwell, 2010; Swan Moye, 2009). Transparent organizational support for professional advancement has the potential to boost morale and improve nursing retention (Coonan, 2005). Succession planning efforts at the nurse manager level provide staff nurses an opportunity to exploreRead MoreEssay about In Pursuit of Talent Management1582 Words   |  7 Pages(Mathis Jackson, 2011). Every individual person has different characteristics a nd traits that can be brought to the organization. It does not matter if they have been with the company for 20 years or just graduating from college and beginning their careers. The key is to find the strengths and weaknesses of each person and capitalize on them. This is where managing human resources fits nicely into organizational goals and objectives. Nevertheless, how do companies acquire and retain their best and brightestRead MoreA Study On Succession Planning755 Words   |  4 PagesBelow is a list of the steps which are necessary to complete a succession plan. In my list I have compiled information from the text book and also from the journal article â€Å"Succession Planning 101† by Doug Gary and I also include information from the 3M SHRM video. A. Identify what positions are included in the plan Noe (2013) states that a company should identify what positions are included in the succession plan, such as all management positions or only certain levels of management.Read MoreAdvantages Disadvantages of Succession1018 Words   |  5 Pages3OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RESOURCE /MANPOWER PLANNING Manpower planning is the first step towards manpower management. It refers to the process of using available assets for the implementation of the business plans. It also involves the process of coordinating and controlling various activities in the organization. An effective manpower planning requires a careful assessment of the future needs of the organization. It involves the development of strategies to match the requirement of employees and availabilityRead MoreEssay on Workforce Planning632 Words   |  3 Pagesa. Identify 10 characteristics of best practice succession planning systems and management that ensure desirable workers are developed and retained. 10 characteristics of best practice succession planning systems and management that ensure desirable workers are developed and retained include: 1. Easy to use succession systems to ensure consistency and maintain objectivity across organisational levels, business units and geographical areas 2. Developmentally orientated to enable managers to reflectRead MoreAssignment 4: Southern Company Case Study Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagestime to review and revamp their succession planning and leadership development efforts to guarantee that they had a sustainable source of effective leaders to meet future business needs. Evaluate the effectiveness of the roles that the strategic leaders played in the formation of the performance management strategy. Southern Company’s leadership teams played a significant role in the formation of their performance management strategy. Once performance standards were identified, leadersRead MoreHybrid Assignment 4 - Talent Management Program1358 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement programs consists of many critical components that when organized properly foster a setting of continuous growth and success. These components of an effective program include: 1. Onboarding 2. Training and development 3. Performance management 4. Employee engagement 5. Succession planning 6. Mentorship 7.Work Life/Balance 8. Offboarding. Organizations must ensure that they have the human resources capabilities readily available to meet the current and future requirements of an ever changing demand

Importance Of Major Research Interests - 1039 Words

Major Research Interests Because of my education in aerospace engineering and materials science at Caltech and China, civil engineering and mechanical engineering faculty experience in the US, my research is typically interdisciplinary. Mainly, my research is focused on mechanics and designs of advanced materials and structures, especially multi-scale relationships between nano/micro-scale phenomena and macro-scale properties. My current interests/projects involve both extremely small time-scales and length-scales in very different research areas. 1. Cost-effective Layered Material Systems to Reduce Property Damage during Hurricanes Recent hurricanes led to significant loss to residents and insurance companies. Since replacing a†¦show more content†¦The DTMI damage reducing mechanisms were discovered through some quantitative investigations. For example, the maximum impact force on a thick polymer system featuring a DTMI was reduced by 60%, and energy absorption was increased by 130%. We plan to conduct systematic basic research to understand the effects of the bonding strength and interface thickness on crack arrest, to explore novel layered material designs for achieving low costs. 2. Impact-resistant Composite Designs for Aircraft, Automobile and Wind Turbines A major shortcoming of wind energy technology is the failure rate of composite blades is up to 20% due to bird/bat strike as shown in Figure 2. On the other hand, one major US Energy Company pleaded guilty to killing 14 eagles and 149 other birds due to their wind turbines ($1M fine, or $6,000/bird!). Therefore, we plan to employ â€Å"damage-trap material interface (DTMI) design† to reduce not only the impact damage of composite blades, but also the bird/bat death rate, since the maximum impact force acting on birds will decrease after special thin interface layers are placed between layered composites based on our preliminary impact experiments (impact speed up to 50 m/s). Our major goal is to significantly improve impact resistance and durability of composite structures for wind blades, Boeing 787, and BMW i3 or future composite aircraft, ships and cars. Meanwhile, we are developing an efficient approach to combine nanoindentationShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Principles Of Ethics852 Words   |  4 Pagesall nations and cultures, parents always teach their children the importance of truthfulness, forgiveness and honesty and all of that consider as parts of morality. Thus, in individual level, morality is significant, therefore, in organizational level morality and integrity should be at the same level of importance. It is generally believed that ethical policies are highly necessary in every organisation or association. Research environment is one of the areas, which highly require some moral regulationRead MoreManaging A Firm Based On Past Oriented Financial Statements1718 Words   |  7 Pagesreporting became the central theme as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) took effect on January 1st, 2005. The aim of the new standards was to improve the financial statements‟ quality, comparability, and transparency, which meant major changes to the reporting of European companies (Daske et al., 2008). It was expected that along with IFRS and the rapidly changing business environment, the reporting would adapt from the traditionally backward-looking and numerical information towardsRead MoreKey Components Of Reading As A Student s Interest863 Words   |  4 Pagesto become better a reading teacher. One of the major components of the class that I have learned and fully underst and are the five major components of reading which include phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency. I was able to see the importance of each one of those and how they consecutively build off one another. Another major take away from this class is the importance of taking the time to learn a student’s interest and also sharing yours with them. Not only is thisRead MoreFinancial Analysis Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesIs the Industry’s Analyst Research Useful for Investment Decisions? The primary role of the research analysts is to study the publicly traded companies and pass recommendations based on their financial securities, future growth potentials, and profit generation potentials. These recommendations influence economic activities in the contemporary industries. For instance, such recommendations can affect stock prices, especially if they are broadcasted to a large population. People’s decisions to purchaseRead MoreWhy Is College Pilgrimage?983 Words   |  4 PagesFor thousands of years, humans have travelled all across the world in search of enlightenment and spiritual improvement. These journeys are  seen in every major religion; from the Islamic pilgrimage of Mecca to the Hindu pilgrimage of the Himalayan Char Dham. The act of embarking on a pilgrimage is never an easy undertaking; particularly when that includes the reliance on relationships that have not yet been  forged. This connection with culturally different individuals develop an un equivocal senseRead MoreDefinitions And Objectives Of Real Estate1628 Words   |  7 Pagesused in real estate closing meeting. For over a long time research conducted by scholars on these terminologies has shown that real estate business can directly or indirectly be determined by adhering to such terms. Although there are many such terminologies used in closing meeting of real estate, this paper will focus on just a few terminologies which include the deed of title, APR and contingency, this paper also aims to show the importance of these terminologies, its advantages, disadvantages andRead MoreMy Interest Gravitated Towards Commercial Law785 Words   |  4 Pageshelped me understand the universal importance and impact of the law to any society. The ability of the law, lawyers and judges to always evolve, analyze and execute laws accurately and precisely, appealed to my impressionable mind. After this experience, there was little doubt in my career choice: I wanted to be a pract icing legal professional.    I studied my Bachelors of Law at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom. During my undergraduate education, my interest gravitated towards CommercialRead MoreAssignment 3 - Long Term Investment Decisions1623 Words   |  7 Pagesidea of a product or service in the market arena, which increases the demand for such product. It may include changing the packaging, creating brand names and improving the quality of a product. Once a brand is build, a firm succeeds in creating a major difference in the minds of customers between their product and those of competitors. Once a product attains a positive outlook in the mindset of consumers, the organization attains brand equity, which brings competitive advantage for the firm as customersRead MoreEthics And The Entire Code Of Ethics938 Words   |  4 Pagesthat there are many ethical issues that involved in anthropology and the entire Code of Ethics is of importance. However, he believes it is key for practicing Anthropologist’ s to understand not only their own Code of Ethics but any Code of Ethics that may be relevant in their currently work place. In addition, he placed a lot of emphasis of informed consent and not harming your subjects during research studies. Dr. Lind believes that being an applied anthropologist requires a number of varying skillsRead MoreI Want to Pursue My Masters Degree1630 Words   |  6 Pagespictures awaited till date. As I grew older and started learning math in school, I grew fond of the subject and did pretty well, but I never saw or knew the connection between art and math, until high school when our Math teacher, asked us to do a research on the Golden Ratio (divine proportion) and there it was, I saw the connection, I understood then, why I love both subjects and how math and art can be in the most peculiar places and they work hand in hand in almost everything. By the time I was

Comparing Soccer and Water Polo Essay examples - 730 Words

The history of sports dates back before the discovery of America or even the birth of Jesus Christ. Sports have been in a constant evolution ever since their introduction to the world, such as Tsu’Chu to soccer or polo to water polo. Although soccer and water polo are popular in America today many athletes have come to love these two unique sports. Both sports are physically exhausting, demanding all an athlete has to offer to the game. They test the limit of the body and push it into the next level of competition. To a new comer these two vicious sports seem drastically different, but when it comes to the basics no two sports could be more alike. Soccer is a sport widely known and loved throughout Europe, but little in the United†¦show more content†¦Just like soccer, water polo is extremely popular within Europe, but in the States the demand for the sport is not as high. It is played in a pool that is twenty-five meters long. Water polo unlike soccer restricts a pla yer to the use of one their hands at a time. The player must tread water, while being able to catch and throw the ball with one hand, along with a defender trying to pull him or her under water. The pool consists of two goals, and two teams of seven trying to put the polo ball in the opponents net. Just like a soccer player would use his or her foot work to get around a defender, the polo player uses moves to break free from the defender and advance down the pool. Teams will wear matching uniforms, but since they are in water they wear head caps with their number and team color on it, so they can differentiate the players. Players must survive four quarters of seven-minutes, while only being allowed thirty-five seconds to have possession of the ball. But once that time has expired the ball is handed to the other team. When it comes to rules, referees are very picky and allow very little foul play. One common ground for both sports would be the use of a ball about the same size. Alon g with the flow of the game, since players are constantly on the move to either defend the ball, score, or get the ball away from their opponent. Soccer and water polo are both in need for the speed of a quick and smart player who is willing toShow MoreRelatedComparing The American Academy Of Dramatic Arts And The University Of California1183 Words   |  5 Pagesgood variety of courses. The American Academy of Dramatic Arts and The University of California (L.A.) are 2 good colleges to study dramatic arts, and film in the United States. Both schools have similarities and differences. Here I am going to be comparing both colleges, and later I will choose which is the best. First, let’s talk about the requirements for admission of both colleges. The University of California in Los Angeles is one of the best colleges in the United States. And becauseRead MoreStat 200 Exam 2 Essay5066 Words   |  21 PagesCorrect Answer(s): | D | 24. Which one of the following choices describes a problem for which an analysis of variance would be appropriate? A)  Comparing the proportion of successes for three different treatments of anxiety. Each treatment is tried on 100 patients.   B)  Analyzing the relationship between high school GPA and college GPA.   C)  Comparing the mean birth weights of newborn babies for three different racial groups.   D)  Analyzing the relationship between gender and opinion about capitalRead MoreDevelopment Of Nutritional Information For The Uc Merced Varsity Athlete4896 Words   |  20 Pagesnutrition contributing to successful athletic performance is well known, but not completely understood and applied among athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess nutrient intakes, and dietary habits and patterns of female college athletes by comparing participant data to sports nutrition recommendations for athletes. Statement of the Problem The eating habits of college athletes are a problem that requires more attention than it is receiving. Nutrition for athletes is a critical partRead MoreSport Science13852 Words   |  56 Pagesrespond to. The unpredictability of their environment, including their opponent, forces players to respond in a variety of ways, some of which might not have been practised in training. Open skills include batting in cricket, tackling a player in soccer, executing a set play in rugby union or making a ground stroke in tennis. Sports can contain both closed and open skills. For example, the serve in tennis is a closed skill; however, once the ball has been served into play, the rest of the rallyRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesEffective notes I N T R O D U C T I O N : P R E PA R I NG AN E FFE C TIV E C ASE AN ALY SIS MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS The ï ¬ fth step of effective case analysis – diagnosis – is the process of identifying and clarifying the roots of the problems by comparing goals with facts. In this step, it is useful to search for predicaments. Predicaments are situations in which goals do not ï ¬ t with known facts. When you evaluate the actual performance of an organisation, business unit or individual, you may identifyRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagessale will result in a small profit for Peter. Jason will pay 40% of the purchase price in cash and the balance over two years, with interest at 7%. Bendana has recently been awarded a contract to build a soccer stadium in Regina. The company has asked the British parent company to send its soccer field expert to Regina to consult on the project. Feiffer Thompson will arrive in Regina on November 1, 20X0, and remain there until August 20X1, by which time the project will be substantially finished.Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesthings are going as they should, management must monitor the organization’s performance and compare it with previously set goals. If there are any significant deviations, it is management’s job to get the organization back on track. This monitoring, comparing, and potential correcting is the controlling function. So, using the functional approach, the answer to the question â€Å"What do managers do?† is that they plan, organize, lead, and control. Management Roles In the late 1960s, Henry Mintzberg, then

Role of Women in the Paleolithic and Modern Period Free Essays

This memorandum serves three purposes: (1) declares the chosen person for the heart transplantation; (2) outlines the decision process; (3) evaluates possible outcomes of the made decision. Among the three qualifying candidates who were in need of the transplant, the person that was chosen to go through the process of heart transplant is Lisa; a 12- year-old female who has suffered from health issues all throughout her life. Lisa has suffered from various viral infections and a lupus-like immune deficiency which cost her entire childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in the Paleolithic and Modern Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, her heart was damaged due to pneumonia which add her heart stop for a brief period of time. Even though her chances of surviving in her ass are not guaranteed, Lisa deserves a few more years added to her life to at least experience and see the beauty of the world. During the process of decision-making, two ethics-based processes were used for comparison purposes and analysis in order to thoroughly determine the recipient of the heart. In applying a Utilitarian ends-based ethics theory, the decision to choose Lisa was based on John Stuart Mill’s concept of the Greatest Happiness Principle which seeks happiness as the only desired outcome; neglecting all the rules and reminisces (Ruggeri, 2011). Lisa should receive the new heart because she is the only person who suffered most throughout her life. Jerry, one of the candidates, had at least lived 50 years which enabled him to build his own family; while Oozy had at least lived for 30 years. Although both candidates mentioned also deserve the heart, Lisa deserves the new heart most because she will help inspire other children her age that there is hope if you Just believe in the goodness of the world and people. Another ethics-based theory that contributed to the decision of choosing Lisa is SST. Augustine theory about the ‘power of evil and sin. ‘ In his greatest spiritual autobiography, he detailed his sufferings and struggles with his own human nature (Ruggeri, 2011). However, he used his compelling personal experiences of sin to impact everybody through teaching the lesson of struggle and virtue through religious faith. In analyzing the situation, Lisa is somewhat like SST. Augustine in a way that they have both struggled in life. If Lisa would be given the chance to live, she would have the chance to prove something to herself that she can accomplish something in her life. No one is too young to make a difference in this world. This heart transplant may not guarantee Alias’s survival in her ass. However, the few years that will be added to her life will Just be enough for her to experience how to live a normal life Just like any other children in her age. There is so much innocence and youth in her that seeing her life be taken away would have been too much to bear for anyone to think. Hence, by applying all the ethics-based theory mentioned in this memorandum, the decision to choose Lisa as the recipient of the heart transplant was made, and further transplant process should be deployed immediately in order to save a young girl’s life. This decision will be immediately communicated to the higher administration of the hospital as well as to the parents of Lisa immediately in order to confirm their approval and agreement regarding the decision made. Given that there is an immediate need for Lisa to receive the new heart, as the Lead Surgeon of the BBC Medical Center, the process of the heart transplantation for Lisa should begin as soon as possible. How to cite Role of Women in the Paleolithic and Modern Period, Papers

The Problems Of Publishing In English In free essay sample

Egypt Essay, Research Paper An Overview of the jobs of Printing in English in Egypt A study by Ib Knutsen. Supervised by Dr. Hussein Amin. Course 504.Ib @ aucegypt.eduhttp: //ibsweb.findhere.com Contents Introduction 3 Presentation of Method 3 List of intreviews 4 Discussion of Method 5 Presentation of Results.. 6 Printing 6 Censorship 8 Summary of the different attacks to censorship 9 # 8211 ; Al Ahram 9 # 8211 ; The Middle East Times 10 # 8211 ; The Cairo Times 11 Culture 11 # 8211 ; Language 12 # 8211 ; Reading Patterns 13 Discussion. 14 Decision 15 Appendices.. 16 # 8211 ; Interview with Middle East Times 16 # 8211 ; Interview with Egypt s Insight 18 # 8211 ; Interview with the Al-Ahram Weekly 19 # 8211 ; Interview with Cairo Times 21 # 8211 ; Letter from Exile, Thomas Cromwell 23 # 8211 ; Interview with the censor, by MET 24 IntroductionEnglish publication in Egypt is non extended. Merely eight magazines and newspapers come out on a regular footing. Merely a minority of the Egyptian population k nows the English linguistic communication and half the population is illiterate. Yet these are non the largest jobs confronting the English speech production imperativeness. Social, economical and political issues are closely intertwined in Egypt. Magazines or intelligence publications face extra obstructions seeking to cover these subjects. How do the different editors approach or overcome these jobs? My research inquiry is An Overview of the Problems of Publishing in English in Egypt. There is no province censoring of Egyptian publications. Is the right of freedom of look therefore secured in Egypt? In order to examine these inquiries I went to the different English speech production publications and talked with their several editors. I told them what I was working on, and tried to do the editors comment on their state of affairs in their ain words. There are several dimensions to printing in English in Egypt. The linguistic communication barrier, the Egyptian imperativeness license, Matters of national security and usage are but some. I asked the editors explicitly to give an appraisal on the significance of these, if they had non already done so. I talked with Al-Ahram, Hani Shukrallah, Pull offing EditorThe Cairo Times, Ms Diana Digges, EditorThe Cairo Times, Mr Hisham Kassem, PublisherThe Middle East Times, Mr Rod Craig, Managing Editor Egypt s Insight, Ms Nahed Yowakim, Editor-in-ChiefEgypt Today, Mr Scott Squire, Copy EditorI wrote their remarks down in stenography. If there were remarks I was unsure of, I asked once more. I spent about 40 proceedingss with each editor. When each interview was done, I spent an extra 15 proceedingss composing down a sum-up of the contents. I besides filled out the losing parts of the stenography text. I did my first interview with the editor of the Cairo times, Ms Diana Digges. She had prepared a figure of CT issues incorporating articles on the subject. These were most helpful in chalk outing out the field. I used this information as background for my following interviews with Egypt Today, The Middle East Times, The Al-Ahram, Egypt s insight and eventually, Cairo Times once more. This clip with the publishing house, Mr Hisham Kassem. In add-on, The interview wit h Egypt Today was brief, but consistent with the other findings. I found an interview with Mr Lutfi Abdel Kader, who heads the commission for foreign publications in Egypt, and an unfastened missive from Mr Thomas Cromwell, editor in expatriate for the Middle East Times. Both of these secondary beginnings were posted on the cyberspace with the permission of the Middle East Times. The MET besides have a nexus to the digital freedom web on their home page. I failed to acquire in touch with the staying regular publication, The Egyptian Gazette. As with the Al-Ahram, the EG is besides a authorities paper. It is, nevertheless, non considered a important publication in Egypt. The Al-Ahram s pull offing editor, Hani Shukrallah, thought it valueless to be better than the EG. He commented further that We fundamentally see what they do and seek non to make the same. When editor-in-chief Ms. Nahed Yowakim of Egypt s Insight studies what is allowed to print in Egypt, she does non look in the EG , she looks in the Al-Ahram. Discussion of MethodI accounted a figure of troubles while roll uping the information. First of all were the job of communicating. Though The Egyptian Gazette and the Al-Ahram by far were the most hard to acquire in touch with, Egypt Today, Egypt s Insight and the Middle East Times were besides clip devouring. This was non merely due to busy lines, as was the instance with the authorities documents, but instead the busy docket of the editors. They often travel, have meetings or merely are out. As a consequence, the information assemblage took much more clip than anticipated. It must be added that every bit shortly as I did pull off to acquire through to the right individual, they were really forthcoming in puting an assignment every bit shortly as possible. They besides showed considerable involvement in the undertaking, and were really helpful to give positions on the subject. As I mentioned, I had problem to the extent of non pull offing to acquire in touch with the Egyptian Gazette. I was besides unable to acquire in touch with Egypt Today s publishing house, Ms Anne Marie Harrison or the editor Mursi Saad el-Din. I did correspond with the publication over legion Electronic mails, and with their transcript editor, Mr Scott Squire, over the telephone. He confirmed the major points, but I have non presented Egypt Today s positions individually in the paper, due to my inability to acquire in touch with the editor or the publishing house. I do non believe that this significantly alters the cogency of the paper. I did talk with a bulk of the publications. I spoke with all the private news-weeklies, the major authorities hebdomadally and one of the two lifestyle magazines published monthly. The responses were really similar. The English publications in Egypt face the same jobs. Their attack varies somewhat. I have no ground to believe that Egypt Today or the Egyptian Gazette usage a significantly different attack than the other media. I think the dependability therefore is high. Presentation of resultsThe jobs of printing in English in Egypt can be divided into three subdivisions ; The job of publication, the job of censoring and the job of civilization. I will discourse each subdivision individually. The publication subdivision regards the industry. I have hence included the responses by the different editors in the description, instead than as separate subdivisions. In the censoring subdivision, there are discrepancies among the different publications. I have hence separated it in two, showing the general construct of censoring first and the specifics of each publication last. When it comes to civilization, the responses were rather similar, so I have grouped them under the different cultural sub-headings as I thought it appropriate. PublishingThe Freezone for concern was set up in the satellite metropolis of Cairo, Nasser metropolis, to advance the development of endeavor. Business could register with the min istry of inside to acquire a license to run in the zone. In order to get down a publication company, an extra set of standards had to be met. This was due to the national security facet of publication. The standard for registering as a publication house used to be 200 stockholders with equal portions. This made it practically impossible to achieve the license. Merely one publication in Egypt managed to register harmonizing to these standards. This is an Arabic publication, and the proprietor has the power of lawyer over all the other portions in the company. This indicates that the staying 199 stockholders are alleged straw work forces, registered as proprietors simply for legal grounds. In 1996, this jurisprudence was revised. Now merely 10 stockholders were necessary, but blessing of the province security and the national security was necessary. You need to be more than good friends with these to acquire your blessing, harmonizing to Mr Hishan Kissem, Three Arabic publications wer e approved, but no English 1s. Entreaties can be brought before the higher imperativeness council. If they refuse, nevertheless, one must use once more. This procedure have been farther limited by a new jurisprudence demanding a Cabinet permission for all applications. Their determination is concluding, and can non be appealed. This efficaciously bars publications considered unwanted by the authorities to print in Egypt. The English publications in Egypt are based in Egypt. Their offices are in Cairo, their journalists live in here, as do their readers. The companies who advertise in the publications are registered in Egypt. Yet the publications are considered foreign. Of the English speech production imperativeness in Egypt, merely the governmental Al-Ahram and the Egyptian Gazette have Egyptian publication licenses. The authorities is loath to put an straight-out prohibition on publications in Egypt. This gives the publications the chance to publish in another state and export the publication from at that place to Egypt. The most usual topographic point to registry is in Cyprus, and the name for Egyptian publications both Arabic and English printed outside Egypt has come to be called the Cyprus imperativeness # 8211 ; irrespective whether it is published at that place or non. The fiscal state of affairs for the Cyprus imperativeness is really unstable. They are virtually unable to acquire bank loans, as they are non registered as a company in Egypt. Selling equity portions is for the same grounds impossible. The foreign publications are non allowed to publicize on broadcast telecasting, which inhibits publicity on the most powerful media channel. Economic growing, which is indispensable for any company, is badly limited. All companies outside the Freezone have to pay revenue enhancement, including the Cyprus imperativeness. The Al-Ahram is printed in the freezone. The largest load is presently the general advertisement revenue enhancement of 36 % . Income g enerated by advertisement is a major subscriber to the balance of publishing houses. Adding a 3rd to the monetary value of ads make them about impossible to sell. Alternatively, one can allow the publication cover the disbursal, with the resulting loss of income. Most of the English publishing houses have managed to avoid the advertisement revenue enhancement by paying the import responsibility on published stuff. This revenue enhancement is between 7 10 % on publication cost, i.e. a significantly smaller sum. They argue you can non pay domestic revenue enhancement and import responsibility at the same clip. The authorities remains open, and will possibly merely come to a decision when they want to take an unwanted publishing house. CensorshipConcerning all publications in Egypt are the Libel Torahs. These were introduced in 1993, and are described by Mr Shukrallah as absurd. It is the public prosecuting officer who is responsible for pressing charges. Charges are merely being press ed if you attack the incorrect people Simple statements as stupidity, can gain 6 months in gaol whereas people who merely defame can merely maintain on traveling with their Interior Ministry backup. Without a publication license, the intelligence publications are in add-on apt to censorship. National security concerns are at interest. It is the ministry of information that is the highest authorization on imperativeness affairs. They authorise a council to take attention of the foreign imperativeness. Each publication must demo the publication upon reaching in Egypt to this council. This is a hazardous concern. If the council do non O.K. of the content, they have the power of censoring the issue. A prohibition represents a considerate loss if the publication has already gone to publish. Agreements are being made with the censors. Blueprints of the publication are shown before it is printed, and if there are troublesome articles underway, these are shown excessively. The censors so ta ke what they think necessary. The censors are on a mission from the Information Ministry. They are under force per unit area. If they allow controversial stuff to acquire published, it is they who will hold to take the heat for it. From the censor s position so, it will be better to take out every bit much as possible. The editors know this. They bargain with the detectors, rewrite articles and refer to the Al-Ahram. Though all the foreign imperativeness is affected by censoring, it is the intelligence publications that are hit the worst. Shorter deadlines pressure them to move fast on events, Egypt s Insight, Egypt Today, Business Today and PC universe are published on a monthly footing. They can take into history the developments of the other publications when they decide what to print. Ms Nahed Yowakim of Egypt s Insight really considers being a monthly an advantage, as they can take the clip to wait until Al-Ahram covers a peculiar intelligence narrative ( gain their error ) If they have covered a subject, it is regarded as common cognition. Egypt s Insight can so make a full characteristic on it even from another angle and refer to the Al-Ahram coverage of the same subject. Summary of the different attacks to censorship The Al-AhramThe Al-Ahram is the oldest and largest authorities paper in Egypt. They publish an Arabic daily and an English weekly. The Al-Ahram is non censored. They want to print serious news media, respect authorities position, while avoid being seen as a propaganda sheet for the authorities. So they adhere to some limitations. They are left mostly alone if certain ruddy lines are non overstepped, The major subject to go forth entirely is the nexus between large concern and authorities. And unfavorable judgment of the president, of class. But the Al-Ahram by and large does non knock members of the authorities. They do non delve up information about authorities functionaries either. It would be interesting, of class, but since everybody i s making concern with everybody, it is better to go forth it. But, if other documents have found something out and printed it, the Al-Ahram refer both sides of the narrative, being careful to province who says what. If the regulations are broken, the editor will merely be transferred. It is non unusual to be transferred to the information ministry. Or to a correspondence occupation in Luxor, to mention Mr Craig. The Al-Ahram is the most influential paper in Egypt. The Al-Ahram is considered to being able to acquire away with a batch more than the English speech production imperativeness in general. Egypt s insight usage illustrations from the Al-Ahram when they argue with the censors for an article. If something has been published in the Al-Ahram, the detectors can legalize to their supervisors why they let something through. The Middle East TimesMr Thomas Cromwell of the Middle East Times has been refused re-entry into Egypt after a trip abroad. He has written an essay included in the extension of this paper. I talked to the pull offing editor, Mr Rod Craig. The MET shows the cogent evidence of the publication to the censors. In return they take out paragraphs instead than articles. He describes the relationship with the censors as good. They have statements with the censors, where they take part on an equal footing. Sometimes they win through with an article, and sometimes they lose. They have developed an apprehension of what can be published. Sing a peculiar article that was banned, he commented We were forcing it truly. Criticism of the president is out of the inquiry. Government functionaries vary, and even Mubarak has commented that The promises made by some of my curates are about every bit dependable as those made by Netanyahu Criticism of the Military, Saudi Arabia and the Copts are to be dealt with extreme attention. Saudi Arabia is a considerable investor in Egypt. Upon unfavorable judgment, they have besides threatened to throw out the 100s of 100 0s of Egyptians that they employ. The recent statute law in the US against spiritual persecution makes the Coptic issue even more sensitive. Yet, Mr Craig gets the feeling that most governments are corrupt, and that the censoring is to forestall the denudation of this The MET s point of view is that a good journalist can print anything. It is hence a affair of sophisticated look to avoid holding statements and paragraphs removed. Though a more blunt manner of stating the truth, Mr Craig has assurance in his readers to set two and two together The purpose of the Middle East Times is non to be censored though we do acquire a batch of attending when we do. The purpose of the MET is to inform the populace in an nonsubjective manner, and traveling where the information takes ( us ) . The Cairo TimesThe Cairo Times have been banned six times this twelvemonth. They are in a changeless struggle with the detectors. The detectors contact the Ministry of Information when they are in uncertaint y. It is the Ministry of Information that Cairo Times truly have a job with. The censoring frequently comes as a consequence of neglecting to demo all the articles to the censors. When the newsmagazine is on the streets, it is frequently excessively late to censor it. As a consequence, the undermentioned issue is banned as a warning. Mr Hisham Kissem regards his publication as being figure one one the authorities s most wanted list of publications to shut down. Yet Mr Kissem thinks the jobs of printing in general in Egypt are most at hand. As for free address, Mr Kissem Bankss on Globalisation CultureCultural jobs arise when garnering information. These jobs include the linguistic communication barrier. Cultural jobs can besides include the motive of authorities employees to talk out. It will rarely be honoring for them to make so, and will sometimes take to problem. In add-on, there is a cultural difference between Arabs and Westerners in respect to information. This is perceived t o be due to the differences in educational system and the Arabic civilization in general. There is a general intuition towards people who ask inquiries in Egypt. In authorities, this is even more so. Answering inquiries will seldom bring wagess, though it might convey jobs for the person. When the people who ask inquiries are non Egyptians, there seems to be an even stronger ground to be careful. All the English speech production publications face these jobs. Even the governmental Al-Ahram # 8211 ; though Mr Shukrallah observes that transporting the name Al-Ahram do do it a batch easier for our journalists. Mr Shukrallah thinks the Al-Ahram s focal point with Egyptian eyes, sometimes may look odd to the alien. Mr Craig has noted this difference every bit good. Egyptian journalists are witting of Egypt s repute, and this may impact their information assemblage, he says. On the other manus, Egyptian journalists might see beyond this, and gain the positive facets of transparence. They might therefore go the strongest nexus we have, Mr Craig continues. Egyptian journalists face harsher intervention from the authorities. As a consequence, they sometimes request holding their name withheld upon being published. This is non an unusual pattern in any of the publications, once more with the exclusion of the Al-Ahram. Says Ms Yowakim: A large journalist in the Al-Ahram can print anything, a position merely partially agreed upon by Mr Shukrallah. LanguageMost of the English publications in Egypt header with the linguistic communication barrier the same manner. The Al-Ahram usage bi-lingual Egyptians, so they have small jobs. Egypt s Insight has no bilingual journalists. They do non see this a major job. The most of import thing is that they know what inquiries to inquire. Mr Scott Squire of Egypt Today really see the linguistic communication barrier an advantage. Most of the exiles do non talk Arabic either, and this makes publication in English an sole advantage. This is a position shared by Mr Kassem of the Cairo Times every bit good, who thinks printing in English facilitates selling advertisement infinite. And, he adds, publication in English makes it easier to win sympathy abroad. It is the lone force per unit area against the authorities to go forth us entirely. Reading patternsMs Yowakim of Egypt s Insight thinks the educational system plays a decisive function in how Egyptians view the printed word. Due to the tremendous volume of information they have to larn by bosom, they stop reading for leisure one time they get the opportunity, she says. We find that a batch of our concern readers merely look at the narratives that carry images of well-known concern individuals or famous persons, she continues. This is a fact they take into history when they plan each issue. Egypt Today portion this position. The demands of the different readership groups can be different to the extent of struggle. E.g. Features, which are by and large read by the al iens while arousing small enthusiasm amongst the Egyptian readers. DiscussionThere are a figure of grounds why the imperativeness face institutional limitations. The Egyptian printing license seem to be in limited supply due to the authoritiess wish to command the national information. Restricting the beginnings makes it easier for them to make so. Most of the publication obstacles seem to come from this want. Censoring seems to hold a somewhat different map. Censorship is a last-minute prohibition on paragraphs, articles or whole issues when the issue can t otherwise be stopped. It is thought that the major ground for censoring is to conceal links between the authorities and concern. The cultural jobs of printing in English in Egypt can be overcome. The linguistic communication is non a important barrier. There is a civilization of intuition towards people who ask inquiries. I have no ground to believe the authorities functionaries in Egypt are much different than the bureaucratism s anyplace, nevertheless. A free imperativeness is regarded as an indispensable ticker Canis familiaris, for democracy. It is sometimes referred to as the 4th province power. The 4th province power can neer be more independent than the bench, legislative and executive subdivisions of authorities are of each other. Can a free imperativeness exist in a state where the links between authorities and private economical minutess are to be kept secret at all costs? Where the surrounding states are capable of throw outing 100s of 1000s of Egyptian workers, and endanger to make so upon unfavorable judgment? The institutional jobs of printing in Egypt cover a figure of facets non needfully reserved for the English speech production imperativeness. The Torahs of registering printing companies in Egypt present impossible barriers. The revenue enhancement Torahs sing advertisement looms with menaces to control income. The Freezone revenue enhancement freedoms might good be used selectively, unde r the shield of national involvement, national security, or protection of national establishments. The definitions of libel are highly broad. The jurisprudence is otiose. Libel should be a affair of civilian tribunal process, and non a public one. But the largest job might be the one of printing industry in Egypt in the long tally. Mr Kassem observes that it will be impossible to sell off parts of the present governmental imperativeness. Cipher will desire to purchase portions in a company that is inefficaciously run, without being able to streamline it. Egypt has merely seven day-to-day newspapers. The little island of Malta has four. In relation to population, they have a 1300:1 better coverage of newspapers. The significance of each newspaper in Egypt therefore histories for about 200 Maltese newspapers. Bing careful, of class, that this lone serves as an illustration for the deceit of the Egyptian publication industry. On other histories, the Maltese illustration is unequal. The political weight each of the seven newspapers in Egypt carry is tremendous. The national security deductions are no less important. When the inevitable denationalization moving ridge catches up with the publication industry, they will confront immense jobs. International documents and involvements will be able to get down both English and Arabic documents, and run in free competition to the national documents. The nationalised documents can non be sold off, and few will desire to purchase portions with the present direction. They will hold jobs accommodating to the new environment. The Egyptian authorities will hold to see this when they make new Torahs for publication. It is non merely a affair of national security to command the publication industry in the short term. It is really a affair of national security to hold a national publication industry at all. ConclusionThere are obvious jobs of printing in English in Egypt. Language is regarded as being a minor job. The chief obstr uctions are the institutionalized barriers to printing. On the other side is Egypt s dependence upon trade and touristry. They receive a significant sum of assistance from the US. The English publications are one of Egypt s many faces abroad. It would make significant international fad if Egypt were to censor them All the independent documents think the freedom of address has loosened up in recent times. Mr Kassem Bankss on globalization, to acquire the concluding liberalization. I think the freedom of the imperativeness will germinate parallel to the development of the political system. In fact, the imperativeness plays a important function in the dynamism of the development of the political system in Egypt. Keeping named higher authorities functionaries responsible of their actions # 8211 ; which would be unheard of merely a twosome of twelvemonth s ago # 8211 ; is now usual in the documents. The Government is going witting of this duty. Government functionaries are scared of th e Al-Ahram, The Cairo Times and the Middle East Times. Sooner or subsequently this duty will hold to be institutionalised by jurisprudence. And jurisprudence that is enforced on an equal footing, for all its citizens, is the basis on which all democracies are built. AppendicesThe Middle East TimesThe largest foreign weeklyMr Rod CraigManaging EditorNovember 1998Printed in Athens, Greece Readers: chiefly expats, embassy personell and international. We aim for a wider circle. The Middle East Times used to cover the part, and we might get down that up once more. Cairo is the capital of the Arab universe, and therefore most of import. Few of our journalists master Arabic to a fluid extent, and we are dependent on the good will of transcribers and some bi-lingual native Arabic talkers. Say there is something secret traveling on, and the journalist covering the event does non cognize Arabic. If the transcriber figures the information might damage Egypt s repute, he or she might keep back some of the information. News narratives depend on the weakest nexus, and this is might be the Arabic journalist. On the other manus, the Arabic journalist might hold a more unfastened position and therefore go the strongest nexus. The job is, you don t know the difference. I am merely raising the issue here. I am non speaking about anyone in peculiar, nor about the Middle East Times. There is a different outlook between Arab and Western journalists. Merely like there are differences between American and British, and I am certain Norse journalists have their particular belongingss as good. Journalists have different moralss and point of views. Yet the differences among western journalists are non as widely apart as Western and Arabic. First of wholly, the western construct of free address is interpreted otherwise here. Arabic journalists are besides really witting of Egypt s repute, and this might change their coverage. But, of class, there are exclusions. Some Arabic journalists ha ve studied in the West, and seen how the imperativeness works at that place. Others merely want alteration. Their cognition of Arabic therefore makes them the strongest nexus in publication. Arabic journalists sometime ask to hold their name left out, as they know they will acquire into problem. One really got thumbed. But it s non merely here journalists are acquiring into problem. Whenever they are a nuisance, journalists are harassed. The map of the imperativeness I think is first of all to inform the populace. Journalists are, or should be, representatives of the populace. They should therefore investigation inquiries in order to convey light to different subjects relevant for the populace. They by and large should non hold sentiments by themselves. This happens of class, but a journalist should endeavor to be devoid of feelings. Jorunalists should be driven to wherever the information leads them. Merely like the police officer is for the jurisprudence. Arab journalists have ano ther function. They don t respect themselves as public retainers. The chief restraints to printing are self-constraints. The paper is responsible to its readers. So even in a state where the imperativeness is free to discourse whatever it wants, it restricts itself to what the readers can take. Most Arab journalists have neer been without institutionalized censoring or faith. They are used to be within reasonably narrow walls. In Egypt one can non knock the President. One should be most careful with respect to knocking old presidents as good. Last hebdomad ( ) a column we did on King Fahd was taken out. We were forcing it truly. The editorialist subsequently had problem traveling abroad due to accusals of danger to national security. After the president, one must go forth the military alone. Last, one can non knock Saudi Arabia. There are, of class, a figure of other issues one must avoid every bit good, but these three are sacred. For foreign publications, these regulations must be learned by experience. For the people who live here on the other manus, they know precisely where the bounds go. Egyptian documents are non censored. Censoring in Egypt was abolished by Sadat in 1974. Most of the influental documents are governmental, and if their editors step over the line, they are moved to a correspondence occupation in Luxor. They know what to make and what non to. Besides, it is the authorities who issues publishing licenses. The foreign imperativeness has to demo transcripts of its publications to the Advisory commettee. They cut out the articles they don Ts like, and have the authorization to censor an issue. It is of no intent to hold the Middle East Times off the streets, as our intent is to inform people. We have developed a particular agreement with the censors. We submit proofs to them, and they cut out paragraphs instead than taking whole articles. It is to their advantage besides to hold this relationship. It looks bad for them every bit good. We used to go forth the paragraphs space, but that is now illegal. But a good journalist can acquire an ything published. So when it comes to the things that are of import, one must seek to be cagey. For case, alternatively of utilizing the instead obvious word Anguish, we replace it with forceful persuasion. The readers will hold to set two and two together when they read the articles. The censors are merely making their occupation. If they let something controversial base on balls, they will acquire into problem. There is no usage in traveling against them, and holding a good relationship will give us more freedom. We have made an understanding, and by that the authorities is becomingmore favorable to us. I don t think it is just of The Cairo Times to rip off on this agreement. They have published issues without jostling it to the censors, and have had their undermentioned issue banned as retaliation. We should seek to contend for freedom of look together. It does non make any good to seek to besiege the ordinances that are agreed upon. The lone casualties will be members of the consultative commettee, and perchance a complete prohibition on the Cairo Times. We are up against benevolent people, and non the wicked. Egypt is dependent upon trade, and so they have to be reasonably sensible. We really acquire more readers when we get banned. But if it happens frequent ly adequate, I suppose people merely acquire used to it. My occupation as an editor is to acquire the paper out and to state the truth. It serves no intent to hold it taken off the street. I am responsible for the 30 or so occupations as good, which besides must be taken into consideration. It s an interesting experience all this. One gets the feeling that most governments are corrupt and censoring is to forestall the denudation of this. We are all right with the authorities. The publishing side, on the other manus, is extremely unstable. The Cyprus publications were first outright banned. The instance was so taken to the Supreme Court, and they gave a opinion of the forbiddance as unconstitutional. Then the authorities introduced 36 % revenue enhancement on magazines This revenue enhancement makes it hard to sell advertisement infinite. We merely went back to Greece to publish. It is really cheaper to purchase a plane ticket and pay a individual to travel back and Forth with the co gent evidence, than to publish in the Freezone. The freedom of look in Egypt is a batch freer than it used to be. Criticism of members in the cabinet is allowed, and even Mubarak was quoted as stating The promises made by some of my curates are about every bit dependable as those made by Netanyahu. The ( kosh ) incidence seems to hold been blown out of proportion. The Copts in America got clasp of the narrative, and some people got carried off. It took the attending off us, we were a minor enemy compared to this. The authorities learned to be more unfastened. When you try to hush something up, and it doesn t work, cipher will believe the updated narrative by the authorities. What they should hold done was to convey it all in the unfastened. If they had held a imperativeness conference and referred what had happened, and what steps were taken to forestall its being repeated, the incident would non hold been blown so out of proportion. I hope they learned their lesson. Egypt s Insight Lifestyle monthly magazineMs. Nahed YowakimEditor-in-ChiefDecember 1998 Printed in CyprusPublishes between 7-11 000 issues per monthSells to concern and travel related industry, expatriates and international Problems of printing in English in Egypt. Egypt s penetration has a varied reader circle. The aliens and exiles tend to read the characteristics and the longer articles, whereas the concern readers simply tend to look through the magazine If there is a image of an executive or a assemblage of known faces, they might read the sub-headings. It is non in the Egyptian up-bringing to read for leisure. They know English, but they are jammed with excessively much stuff to analyze by bosom. The reading stuff is non by their ain pick, and when they eventually can take, they stop reading wholly. Once I was on an plane with Egypt Air, I asked the hostess in Arabic for something to read. She was puzzled, and asked Why # 8211 ; there is a movie screening. She merely could non understand how I could prefer reading to watching any peculiar film. There is by and large a intuition on people who ask inquiries in this state. If the individuals inquiring them in add-on are aliens, it is non made easier. Photography is even worse. We will for case instead direct a immature female Egyptian to take images. . Language, nevertheless, is non so of import. At the present clip we don Ts have any bi-lingual journalists. IWe have transcribers who know arabic. The most of import thing is that the journalists know which inquiries to inquire, and how to acquire information. We have a good relationship with the censors. We show the consultative commission dubious articles, and the cogent evidence of the magazine. If we are covering anything controversial, we show them articles the Al-Ahram has written on the same subject. Politicss and Saudi Arabia is checked this manner. The ground why Saudi is so sacred, is non merely for political and economical issues. Saudi is a major employer of Egy ptians. If the Saudis want, they can throw out these people. Except for the fact of these people losing their occupations, the societal effects of such a organic structure of people coming back to unemployement in Egypt would be terrible. So in add-on to the political and economical dealingss with Saudi, there are tremendous societal dealingss. A author would non desire to be responsible for the ejection of all these people. A large author in Al-Ahram can print anything. This manner they have backup in instance their higher-ups come down on them. They are scared as good, as they will run into problem if something controversial is passed on with their knowing. We have kept a clean record, and this makes it harder for them to censor articles. I have been told if I stay off from certain issues in my first twelvemonth, I can be more make bolding the 2nd. Homosexuality, for case, is the one societal issue to avoid at the present. Except for that, most societal issues can be written about . And we have. The thing is to work with the censors instead than against them. We have a great advantage by being a monthly publication. When it comes to controversial issues such as the Coptic incidence in upper Egypt or the teenage stone music fans who went to imprison last twelvemonth, we can wait until the Government realises its error and so cover it. It is highly of import to endorse up the facts. Tape interviews and look into information. When good news media has been done, and the editors back up their authors # 8211 ; like Hishem Kassam and Diana Digges in the Cairo Times # 8211 ; it makes it much harder for the authorities to censor it. It is when trigger-happy new journalists starts hiting in all waies that they say no. A batch of the resistance newspapers work like this. Their attack is sleazy and un- serious. Like when the covered an un-named bellydancer s response of a payoff. If they had the information, they could print the names and descriptions. If they don Ts, they should go forth it. Government functionaries are afraid of the Al-Ahram. Writers such as Feroh Hosni have made ferocious onslaughts on curates. But so it has been good backed up. The job arises when authors in Al-Ahram are paid to compose up or down people. You neer truly cognize. We have uncertainnesss sing the publication side. There is a 36 % revenue enhancement on income generated by advertisement. We go to publish in Cyprus. When the magazine is imported into Egypt, we pay an import revenue enhancement. We do non believe it is sensible to pay both a domestic revenue enhancement on income generated in Cyprus, when we at the same clip are paying the import responsibilities. The import revenue enhancement is 7-10 % on printing costs. We hope our history of paying the import revenue enhancement will take the authorities to make up ones mind on its continuation, instead than implementing the strangeling advertisement revenue enhancement. It will be really hard to sell advertise ment infinite if the monetary values had to be increased by 36 % The Al-Ahram WeeklyThe largest authorities paperMr.Hani ShukrallahManaging EditorDecember 1998Printed in Cairo by the Al-Ahram imperativeness Sometimes we get off with things ( the other publications ) don T, because we are the Al-Ahram. The tradition of news media affects authors and editors. There are two facets we in Al-Ahram strive to set up. One: We like to go on in the tradition of nonsubjective news media, and Second: we do non like to sound like a propaganda sheet for the government.This is decidedly a job For case, we neer present statements made by the ministry of information or the constabulary as facts. We ever make it really clear where these statements come from. We are most careful to avoid printing such information as fact. We like to print both sides of the narrative, and what the other side thinks. There are decidedly restraints, but we stretch the borders. For case utilizing a page for human rights a nd mentioning phone Numberss in this issue ( 9 December ) is decidedly agitative. We are non being censored, and we have non yet received a warning. We can discourse any subject we d like, unless we receive a memo signifier the prosecuting officers office enforcing a prohibition on instances and subjects. These memos are public, and are being sent to all the media in Egypt. The Al-Ahram expressions at events with Egyptian eyes. We see jobs, events, political occurrences or whatever in this visible radiation. A foreign letter writer might concentrate on different subjects all together, or even see some of our articles as non of import. A foreign letter writer would see things in a different visible radiation. All journalists face jobs. It does do life easier for our journalists to hold the Al-Ahram name endorsing them up. We run contrary to the interior ministry s general policy on media in Egypt. We are decidedly the oldest non the first publication, and we were ever large. The old editor Heykem continued the tradition of Al-Ahram after Nassers nationalization. We are more like the British Times, and El Akbar is closer to the Mirror. The Egyptian Gazette is non truly anything. Basically we see what they do, and so we try non to make the same. I am happy about Cairo Times and Middle East Times for the competition. It is nonmeaningful to be better than the Egyptian Gazette. The Al-Ahram can make things the others would non be allowed to. We have written about anguish in Egyptian prisons, but we don t travel excessively much into the inside informations. We have characteristics on societal issues that reveal a batch. But we are ever careful that the Government position comes through. But so as a defined sentiment. It is non prevailing. We are stretching the bounds. If the authorities does non like it, they ll fire me # 8211 ; or person else in the column board. There is no censoring There is an exercising of self-censorship in chiseled facets. We do give certain infinite to the president, irrespective of what he is making. Some of this would non normally be considered newsworthy by western criterions of news media. Saudi Arabia is non needfully sacred. It depends on the subject. We covered the tribunal instance of Mubarak s boy, who took a Saudi paper to tribunal for libel. We leave the president, of class. We don t criticise anyone by name. We will describe it ( in the paper ) if person attacks a curate, and we will mention what the curate says himself. The libel Torahs in this state are absurd. Mustafa Bakim should be fined for libel, but he can travel on because he is assailing the right people. It is merely when you are assailing the incorrect people you have a libel. We report what each side is stating. Even our editorialists adhere to this. The imperativeness jurisprudence of 93 is merely like all the other imperativeness Torahs atrocious. It is absurd to Torahs against libel, and the application in this state is merely strong-arming . Equally long as you attack the right people it is all right, but Fahmi Mohammed gets six months for an nonsubjective statement. Hooliganism. I don t see anything loosening up in this state. That is a personal statement, of class, and non as editor of The Al-Ahram weekly. The sensationalist imperativeness is really calumniatory They have province backup. In fact, they have interior ministry backup. The authorities made a large hair about the xanthous imperativeness, and passed Torahs to forbid it, when they themselves were partially responsible for it. Criticism against corruptness and links between concern and province functionaries is to be avoided. The censoring and libel Torahs were all passed to impede the denudation of these links. The jurisprudence of 1993 was to close this up, and they succeeded. The authorities is happy to see the present state of affairs go on, every bit long as certain ruddy lines are non overstepped. We don t get into unknoting or researching who is pay ing who. It would be interesting, but everybody in authorities is making concern, so it is better to go forth it entirely. Leave it to the others. The Cairo TimesFortnightly Newsmagazine Mr Hisham KassemPublisherDecember 1998Printed in the Freezone, Nasr City The jobs of printing in English is merely a portion of the job with the publication industry in this state. In fact, there are a figure of advantages of publication in English. It is easier to sell advertisement infinite, and it is easier to win sympathy abroad. The support from abroad is the lone force per unit area to the authorities to go forth us entirely. But the job is non English publication, but the publication Torahs in general. Before the imperativeness Torahs of 1996, it was virtually impossible to register a publication company in Egypt. In order to register, one had to hold 200 stockholders all with equal portions. There is merely one company in Egypt, which is registered harmonizing to these standards. The proprie tor, ( Scoldel Midan ) , is a member of the ( Shia ) council. And in pattern he owns the ( Mahmood Shiewi ) himself, as he fundamentally merely got his friends to subscribe up.. He has the power of lawyer from all the stockholders and hires and fires at will. After 1996 one needed merely 10 stockholders still with equal portions. Three publications have managed to register ; all are Arabic talking newspapers. These are the EL Osboa, the El Nebaa and the Sortel Ooma. Yet you need permission from the province security and the national security. You need to be more than good friends with these to acquire your blessing. At present there are 22 other companies who have their applications in without acquiring a licence. You used to be able to appeal to the higher imperativeness council. Now you besides need a license from the cabinet before you can use, and their determination is concluding. I.e. you can non appeal. Janni, I tell you it s hard. When I went to the higher imperativeness cou ncil in September 96 to look into the Torahs, I discovered that they had non met for two old ages. They had all sorts of applications that were merely lying at that place Handicap magazines, athleticss magazines and so on. The higher imperativeness council does non desire to get down a new tendency by leting some and non others. When people threatened to action, the authorities intervened as they defined it as affairs of national security. In any instance, it is unconstitutional. No administrative edicts are immune from entreaty by the citizens. They can t alter the fundamental law, for they don Ts have that sort of firepower. So it is truly merely a inquiry of clip before they have to emancipate the imperativeness. Due to the unconstitutional enrollment Torahs, 80 % of Egypt s publications are registered abroad, and therefore treated as foreign. Censoring for Egyptian publications was abolished in 1974. Foreign documents are a affair of national security, and apt to censorship. Aro und 200 documents are presently registered in Cyprus. It does non truly count where they are registered, they will ever be regarded as portion of the Cyprus imperativeness. Some are unserious and a few are serious. A proportion of the documents are downright con-jobs, where commissioners of authorities publicizing topographic point ads and so divide the money with the publishing houses. But some are serious. The foreign imperativeness is non allowed to publicize on broadcast televison the most effectual manner of making the population. It is besides impossible to acquire bank loans, and selling equity portions is besides out of the inquiry. This places utmost restrictions to growing, This whole apparatus, where 80 % of Egypt s publications are registered abroad, comes all out of the authoritiess wish to retain control of content. There are merely about 6-7 publication houses in Egypt, who is publishing approximately 30 different publications. Malta has a population of 370 000, and h ave 4 dailies. We have 7 dailies and a population of 65 million. Malta is non an emerging state. It has no industry. With all due regard to the Maltese, if the Island sunk in the ocean # 8211 ; it would non remain in the headlines for more than a hebdomad. Yet they have 1300 times more publications than Egypt per capita. In add-on, the seven publication houses are losing money. The Al-Ahram might do a net income, but non more than a ten percent of its possible. The Cyprus imperativeness is weak, and it is improbable that these will last long into the hereafter. The Al-Ahram late bought a new imperativeness that cost 600 million Egyptian lbs. It runs for about an hr a twenty-four hours. It has capacity to run 20-22 hours a twenty-four hours. If the Al-Ahram was to better with coloring material, they had to purchase it. But it is non run harmonizing to economic rules. They are losing an tremendous sum of money each hr the imperativeness does non run. At the really least, it should ru n 15 hours a twenty-four hours. Printing in Egypt is a tool for the authorities to remain in power. They are willing to pay a batch for this. As a consequence, cipher in the upper or in-between direction of the Egyptian imperativeness knows how to run an economically sound operation, The Egyptian authorities does non gain that it is really a affair of national security to hold an information industry that works, When it is working 1300 times under the Maltese capacity, it can non be said to work. Egypt is dependent upon trade, and sooner or later all public companies will hold to be privatised. The publication industry, nevertheless, can non be sold as Stella or a cement mill. What happens if states a batch less unfastened than Egypt starts purchasing these companies. Say Iraq, Libya or Sudan buys the Al-Ahram. How will this affect national security? Yet merely selling equal proportions of portions will non work. Without a bulk, the purchaser will non hold an chance to re-organise a nd streamline the operation. With the makings of the current upper and in-between direction, who will desire to purchase a portion? And for all the attempts of the Egyptian authorities to command information, they do non win. I can compose an article for the Al Akbar, or I can direct it to any international paper. Peoples will still be able to read it. So the Egyptian authorities in world can t command what is published in Egypt. An ex. intelligence officer heads the censoring commission. He has a history from the province information services, which used to be where they placed troublesome authors. They d be transferred at that place, without specific undertakings to carry through. They were merely picking up their pay at the beginning of every month. But this adult male belongs to the cold war. He believes it is still on. Like the Nipponese solider they found 40 old ages after the war on a desolate island. He is 73 old ages old 13 old ages past retirement and gets a presidential e dict each twelvemonth leting him to go on. He shows up each twenty-four hours at one. I refuse to pay them anything. Not so much out of rule as of the cognition that they will bang the door in my face when we get banned. They are non powerful plenty to let go of anything. But it s truly merely a inquiry of clip. Who would hold thought the Berlin Wall would fall a month before? The authorities attending to information is closer to animal inherent aptitude. It is blinding them. It is really closer to treason that an carnal thrust allows you to pretermit an industry so related to national security. I am foremost on the most wanted list of publications the authorities wants to shut. I have been banned six times this twelvemonth a new record but the issue is non free address. The authorities is seeking to halt H2O fluxing down the drain. It is impossible. In two or three old ages they will hold to allow travel. We are looking at the hereafter of the full publication industry in Egypt. Wh at will we make with our free address if we have no agencies of printing it? Who will vie with Le Figaro or Le Monde when they start runing in this state? Letter from exileby Thomas Cronwell, Editor of Middle East TimesCopyright 1997 The Middle East Times. All rights reserved. As you may hold noticed, I am no longer printing and redacting this paper from a place in Cairo. I hope the conditions is all right in my absence ( I do love fall in Cairo ) because the ambiance of ever-tightening control of the imperativeness in Egypt is directing clouds of concern over the journalistic community and making ripplings of turbulency that are barely a benefit for Egypt. The new imperativeness jurisprudence, for one, can barely be considered media-friendly, with its prejudice clearly prefering an constitution unwilling to digest unfavorable judgment from the imperativeness. The libel Torahs are so strongly supportive of the possible marks of unmaskings, fact-finding coverage or critical commentar ies that editors and publishing houses are progressively worried about what they can publish. The Egyptian authorities often says the state has a free imperativeness. This is non truly the instance. Publications with any kind of political content are either controlled by the authorities or by political parties. With the state so wholly under the control of the governing National Democratic Party, this means that all the major media variety meats, such as the day-to-day Al Ahram, Al Akhbar and Al Gomhuriya, are government-controlled. The most significant non-government paper is the Wafd, owned by the party of that name. But its docket is to back up its proprietors and non to seek out the truth. With wireless and telecasting wholly owned and operated by the Ministry of Information, there are in fact no independent political newspapers in Egypt. Hence the jobs faced by this 1. When we pursue articles that seem of importance to Egypt, whether it be in the kingdom of security affairs, in ter-communal dealingss, offense, the political procedures and so on. We are frequently skating on thin ice because no other Egypt-based publication has raised these issues from an independent and nonsubjective vantage point. Hence each hebdomad we have to go through through a censoring procedure. ( Egyptian-based or -owned media are non censored, but editors and authors have to mind of the imperativeness jurisprudence, and there are some tabus, such as knocking the caput of province. All imported foreign-owned media are apt to censorship. ) Our dealingss with our censors are by and large good, and we frequently enter lively argument over what should be allowed and what non. Better to hold the authorities censor you than to hold to ban yourself, I would state. We can neer be certain what will put off dismay bells in the censor # 8217 ; s head, but narratives on everything from domestic force in Egyptian places ( based on a government-issued study ) , to a mostly sympathetic reapprai sal of President Hosni Mubarak # 8217 ; s 15 old ages in power have been cut or caused the paper to be banned wholly. An column I wrote knocking the Saudi system was pulled out, and seemingly my congratulations for Jordan was taken as an abuse to Egypt. Egypt is a great state with a great people. It has an alone history with a alone archaeological bequest. It besides has lovely countries of great natural beauty, such as the Red Sea with its motley fish, and dramatic stretches of the Nile and northern coastline. And yet, after a revolution that unseated the monarchy, a long experiment with socialism under Nasser, and more unfastened, business-oriented policies under Sadat and Mubarak, it still has non achieved a recognizable modern theoretical account for its being. Although the argument about Egypt s nowadays and hereafter that so involvements the Middle East Times seems worrying to some of Egypt # 8217 ; s official watchdog organisations, we believe the issues deserve aerating an d we will go on to make so every bit long as we are able.Press censor denies censorship Lutfi Abdel KaderHeads the office of the foreign pressby Richard Engel, Middle East Times staffCopyright 1997 The Middle East Times. All rights reserved. What is the function of this office? First of wholly if you come to me and inquire is at that place censorship or non, I would wish to state that censoring was canceled following a determination of President Sadat in 1974. Since this day of the month our work is merely now to see what the intelligence media write about Egypt. This is our work, to do certain articles are right or non. There is no censoring. If there is something we don t approve [ of ] we say to the people responsible: Don t compose it once more. Like what we do with your newspaper. This is the function of our office. Our office has two subdivisions. This is the subdivision for foreign intelligence. There is another subdivision at the Ministry of Information to cognize what the [ local ] documents write. [ In fact ] we assist the main editor to give him intelligence he can non obtain. We help the people working in London and abroad. This is the existent function of our office. Every hebdomad we bring in our newspaper and subsequently we receive a call stating no to such and such a paragraph or This article doesn T work, take it delight. Why does your office make this? It prevents us from describing. No we don t. But we prevent that which goes out of line merely this. We see the newspaper and our people read it and when they find anything that is non good for our state, we contact the people responsible and we ask them non to publish it once more and we release the paper. This is what we do. But I would wish to add that there is no censoring for the documents written in our state like Al Ahram and Al Akhbar. What about resistance documents like Al Shaab? No censoring at all. They print what they want to state and the people who are hurt by what is written in Al Shaab can reply, like what is written about Hassan Al Alfi. Alfi didn T do anything against Al Shaab, but merely expressed his sentiment to state that Al Shaab is incorrect. Al Shaab can publish what of all time they want? Yes. But we are in a different situation.Yes. Two hebdomads ago we printed a interlingual rendition of an sentiment taken from the Hakika newspaper and this office asked us non to publish it. But it was already on the streets. Why? Because you wrote it in a bad manner, non precisely likeAl Hakika. This is the of import point, to see what you took from Al Hakika and put in your paper. If you took it precisely like it was in Al Hakika, we wouldn Ts have opposed [ it ] . This is the difference between us. You wrote what the Hakika says, but non precisely what they wrote. We opposed because you said that Al Hakika wrote this. We referred to Al Hakika and found that what was written was non precisely like [ what ] you printed. How do you react to those abroad who c riticize Egypt for censoring? I would state to those people to see Egypt and see the people. They will happen all the foreign documents sold here. I say to them, come to Egypt and walk the streets and see the people selling all the foreign documents geting in Egypt. So there is no censoring. There is an office of censoring for film and books. How many offices are at that place? This is the office for foreign newspapers and books, for film there is another office. What subjects do you most frequently have to take? We don t remove, but merely if we are non satisfied with the coverage refering our president, our state, the people in our state and [ articles which ] study that everything is bad in our state # 8230 ; we are non satisfied. But we don t take it. What if you are non satisfied with an article in Newsweek, for illustration, what make you make? If it is a bad narrative and it is non suited to our policy and our attitude, we foremost of all warn their office here non to compos e such things. If they write it once more we are obliged non to let go of it. The one accident was when Anwar Sadat was the swayer of our state. He didn t accept what was written inNewsweek for 24 hours, but so he gave an order to this office to let go of the paper even though it was really bad. So we can state our censoring is non like in many Arab states or foreign states # 8230 ; we are really soft. We say now that all that is go oning in the universe is declared in many documents. Can a journalist be expelled if he writes excessively many articles that this office finds unsatisfactory? No, such things now are non done. To take a co-respondent from Egypt was canceled more than 25 old ages ago. We know what he s traveling to [ write ] is issued abroad, so we don t oppose it. Is this office medium to the demands of foreign policy? You know that Israel wrote many strong articles against Mubarak and we allowed them to come into the state. The last article was in the Jerusalem Post a nd the article was a bad onslaught on Mubarak, but we allowed it in. What was written was non refering policy, but his character. Are documents free to compose about President Mubarak s household? If you read our newspapers you will happen many narratives about Mubarak and his married woman and boies. There is no censoring. What about Islam? You can compose about Islam what you like, but non assailing it. You can state that Islam has many basic rules and things such as that. But you can non assail our Prophet Mohammed. You approve if anyone were to assail [ Jesus ] ? It is the same thing. When you say things that are non existent, or non true that is what is non allowed. Who has the concluding determination about let go ofing a sensitive article? Minister of Information Safwat Sharif. But President Mubarak warns us non to keep articles. First of all I tell the curate of information that such and such a magazine wrote an article about Mubarak and that from our point of position we do n t approve it. I send the article to [ Sharif ] and he gives me a determination after one or two hours.This doesn T go on frequently, possibly one time a month or every two hebdomads, non every twenty-four hours. 363